benzene of coal-tar. It is largely tised in the manufacture of dyes, now an extensive industry since the development by chemists of the variety of aniline and coal-tar colors and their application in dyeing and calico printing. On exposure to air and light aniline takes on a dark red color, and it boils at 183° C. United with acids, it forms crystallized salt.
Animal'cula. See Protozoa.
Animal Kingdom, the name applied to the group containing all animals, separating them from the vegetable and mineral kingdom, respectively. It is a very old arrangement to divide all nature into three kingdoms—animal, vegetable and mineral. Cuvier named one of his most famous books, the Animal Kingdom (Regne Animal), and in it divided animals into four divisions, based on their plan of construction, as follows: vertebrata, the backboned animals; mollusca, the soft-bodied animals, such as snails, clams, etc.; articulata, all jointed animals, thus including lobsters and crayfishes with the worms; radiata, animals like the starfishes, sea anemones, etc., having a radial arrangement of parts. These divisions have long been out of use, for the reason that they do not represent the real state of the case. The animal kingdom is now divided into a larger number of branches, called sub-kingdoms. While there is a tendency to increase the number, the following eight sub-kingdoms represent a modern arrangement, i. Protozoa, the simplest animals, microscopic and single celled. All animals above the protozoa art many-celled, and are spoken of collectively as metazoa. 2. Porifera, the sponges. 3. Coelenterata—the jellyfishes, hydroids, sea anemones, coral animals, etc. 4. Vermes, the worms, a very large and complex group, including the jointed worms, leeches, earth worms, the smooth worms, the shelled worms, like brachiopod shells, etc. 5. Echinodermata, animals with spiny skins, like starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc. 6. Arthropoda, the articulated animals, with jointed limbs—spiders, insects, myria-pods, Crustacea. 7. Mollusca — snails, oysters, clams, cuttle-fish, etc. 8. Vertebrata: this group includes some of the animals formerly classed with the worms and mollusca. The majority of them have a backbone composed of vertebrae, but not all of them. The sub-kingdoms are coordinate divisions; in other words, equivalent groups. They are further divided into Classes, the classes into Orders, the orders into Families and smaller divisions. On account of the importance of the Vertebrata, the five Classes are named: Fishes, Amphibia, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. See the different sub-kingdoms under their respective headings.
Anjou (ān-zhōō' ), an ancient province in the northwest of France, area about 3,000 square miles. In the 12th and 13th centuries it was a possession of the English kings, and from it came Godfrey, Count of Anjou, who, in 1127, married Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, and so became the ancestor of the Plantagenet kings. In 1480 it reverted finally to France, in the reign of Louis XI.
Anam', a country, forming part of the peninsula of Indo-China, bordering on the China Sea, and lying between the Gulf of Siam and the Gulf of Tonquin. It is flanked on the west by Siam and on the north by China. Today, it forms, with Cambodia, Tonquin and Cochin-China, the chief Asiatic possession of France. It has an estimated population of 6,124,000, and an area of 52,100 square miles. It was acquired by France in 1884, and the affairs of the protectorate are under the control of the French government. Three of its ports are open to European and American commerce. Its exports include, besides rice and raw silk, sugar, cinnamon and medicinal plants. Hu6 is the capital with a population of 50,000. See COCHIN CHINA.
Annap'olis, a picturesque old seaport is the capital of Maryland, and the seat of the United States Naval Academy. The city is on the Severn River, two miles from Chesapeake Bay. It was first settled in 1649 as Providence; it became the state capital in 1694; and in 1708 the town was renamed in honor of Queen Anne. In colonial days Annapolis was one of the foremost of American cities, and became known as "The Athens of America." The Continental Congress sat there from November, 1783, to June, 1784; General Washington there resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, December, 1783; and in September, 1786, representatives of five of the states assembled in the Annapolis Convention for the purpose of promoting the commercial interests of America. This convention recommended the calling of another, and the recommendation resulted in the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which devised the constitution of the United States. The United States Naval Academy, founded in 1845, nas been located at Annapolis since its organization. The city is also the seat of St. John's College, established in 1789, and St. Mary's Seminary. Population, 8,609.
Annapolis or Annapolis Royal, formerly Port Royal, is the county seat of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, situated on Annapolis Basin, opening from the Bay of Fundy. It is the oldest European settlement in America to the north of Florida, having been founded by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. It has an estimated population of 1,105 the county containing about 20,000 souls. The ruins of the ancient fortress, still imperial property, are of interest, but there are no remaining proofs of the early
