the next half century she gave every day, every dollar, every power of her mind to the work of making a woman's name worth as much as a man's.
Born in South Adams, Mass., February 15, 1820, of a Quaker father, she was given the same education as her brothers, which was unusual in that day. It was not until she began to teach for $10 a month in a position for which a man would have been given $40 that she felt the disadvantage of being born a girl. Her voice was first heard in a New York State Teachers' Association in a demand for equal pay for men and women. At the age of 27 she joined the movement for temperance reform, and she might have preceded Miss Willard in the leadership of that work but for her experience at Albany. She became convinced that the ballot was the only effective weapon to fight with against any and all kinds of moral evil and legal oppression.
Other eminent women were pioneers in this movement, but Miss Anthony was the most original and aggressive of them all, and she was singled out for ridicule. In time her wit, her good-humor, her courage, her intellect, her grasp of political history and the legal status of women won respect and admiration even from people who did not agree with her. There are few to-day who will deny the debt that women owe to her in their privilege of working at innumerable occupations, with equal or very nearly equal pay as men, in their control of their property and children, in their opportunities for higher education and in the fact that women's names on petitions, even when they have no vote, can no longer be dismissed with contempt.
It must be remembered that the cause Miss Anthony made her own was helped along enormously by the Civil War. The roll of the dead forced thousands of timid women into the ranks of bread-winners. From a social disgrace it suddenly became an honor, a patriotic duty for women to work, and necessity opened all the gates of industry and all the gates of preparation for work. Her lectures, her writing, her petitions, her appearance before Congressional committees and her work of organization made her a national character. In 1872 she cast a vote in the presidential election to test her status as a citizen. She was tried before the courts of New York state and fined $100, but refused to pay it, declaring that "taxation without representation is tyranny," just the same as it was a hundred years before. Miss Anthony died March 13, 1906, active and able for her task up to the age of 86. See Life by Ida M. Harper.
Anthracite. See Coal.
An'thropol'ogy, a wide and comprehensive term, otherwise expressed as the science of man, and treating of man's nature, origin, history, etc, especially as a social animal, living in groups either by nature or from choice or necessity. Sociology is a term somewhat akin to it, though specifically dealing with society as a whole, its structure and organizations, the laws of its development, as shown in the evolution of man in communities, and of what we know as actual civilization. Again akin to what is termed anthropology is ethnography, which treats of the races of men in the geographical groups or tribes in which they are met; while ethnology deals with tie customs, languages and institutions of mankind in general. Anthropology, in the main, embraces what is usually dealt with in the two latter sciences. The physical aspect and characteristics of the race, varied as they are by climate and temperature, including the cranium, limbs, facial features, height and shape of the body and other descriptive details, belong to the classification of physical anthropology; while the industrial and utilitarian arts in which man employs himself or is employed, together with the tools with which he works, are covered by the term technology. Men in their lawless, vicious state as criminals, felons and outlaws of society, transgressing its laws and defying its proprieties and conventionalities, are studied and treated of under criminal anthropology, by investigators in police offices and prisons, who endeavor to set forth the hereditary, congenital and other causes that create the criminal classes and leave the imprint of crime upon them as a distinct physiognomical and racial type.
An'thropom'etry, the science of the measurement of the human body, is of use in the study of different races of men and also of special groups, such as school-children and even criminals. It is of service also in medicine both for the purpose of a more exact knowledge of the symptoms of disease and for the more reliable use of measurements of the average rate and variation of the circulation of the blood, respiration, etc. It is not only necessary to have these measurements in large numbers; but to have them under different conditions. Francis Galton of England was perhaps the pioneer of the science of anthropometry. It was only in 1875 that measurements of average height, weight, girth of chest, etc., were ordered to be made for the British Association. In connection with education, the measurements by Galton, Karl Pearson, Cattell, Edward Thorndike and others are worthy of notice. Many such measurements have been collected by President Stanley Hall in his recent work on Adolescence (1908). The system of identifying criminals by means of thumb-marks and other physical measurements is an example of the application of anthropometry in another field. Phy-
