acres, being the largest. Of the 21 cemeteries, the largest is Spring Grove, containing 600 acres, and said by travelers to be the most picturesque cemetery in the world. The Tyler-Davidson fountain, a bronze fountain cast in Munich at a cost of $200,000, was the gift of a private citizen, and is one of the ornaments of the city. Among buildings of note are the hospital, erected at a cost of $1,000,000; the cathedral, with a stone-spire 224 feet high; the Masonic temple, the Art museum in Eden park, the Havlin and Sinton hotels, Ingall's building, the great Exposition building and Music hall with its noted grand organ.
Cincinnati is an important commercial and manufacturing city, and, since 1870, a port of entry. It for many years was the leading city of the west, called the Queen City. Its trade in pork was the largest in the country until 1863. Its manufactures are numerous and extensive, especially in iron, leather, shoes, paper, soap and carriages. Cincinnati has always been noted for its interest in literary and educational matters, and it also has a wide reputation as an art and musical center. The Cincinnati University, with 199 instructors and 1,475 students, Lane Theological Seminary, medical and law schools, the art-school and museum, a free school of design, a free public library, mercantile library and historical library, Emma Louise Schmidlapp Memorial Library, and the Lloyd Library, devoted to botany and pharmacy, are among its many institutions. Its great school of wood-carving and the Rookwood pottery are each celebrated. The ware from this pottery ranks with the art-product of the most famous potteries of the Old World, and may be found in the best private collections on both sides of the Atlantic.
Cincinnati was permanently settled in 1788, and named in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati. The river trade, which began with the arrival of the first steamboat in 1811, gave it its early importance. It became a city in 1819. In 1845 the first railroad entered the city. The population is largely foreign, one entire part of the city, called “Over the Rhine,” being German. Population, 363,591.
Cincinnati, Society of the, a society of officers of the Revolutionary army, organized at the close of the war to keep up friendships and especially to raise a fund for widows and orphans of their comrades who had lost their lives in the war. It was named from the old Roman hero, Cincinnatus, as many of the members had similarly left their farms at the call to arms. As membership was made to descend from father to son, an outcry was made against the society by Franklin and others, who saw in it the germ of a future aristocracy. This caused some of the branches to disband. But there still are several state societies in active existence.
Cincinnatus (sĭn′sĭn-nā′tus), Lucius Quintius, was made consul of Rome in 460 B. C. When the messengers came to tell him of his election, they found him ploughing on his small farm. Two years later he was made dictator. The barbarous Æqui had surrounded the consul Lucius Minucius and defeated him. Cincinnatus marched to his aid and rescued him. Sixteen days later he laid down the unlimited power of the dictatorship and went back contentedly to his small farm on the Tiber. At the age of 80 he was again made dictator. He was a favorite hero among the later Romans, who looked on him as a model of goodness and simple manners.
Cinematograph (sĭn′ḗ-măt′ṓ-grắf). This is an instrument which casts upon a screen a number of successive views which have been taken from a moving object, in so swift an order that the eye does not observe that the picture has been changed. The spectator appears to behold one and the same view, in which the objects are in actual motion. On an average about 100,000 pictures are needed for an exhibition which is to last one hour. The instrument was invented in 1894 by Edison.
Cinnamon. See Spices.
Circas′sians, the name sometimes given to all the formerly independent peoples of the Caucasus, more strictly to the tribes living in the northwest wing. The Circassians are a handsome race, their girls being the most beautiful in the Turkish harems. They also are strong, brave and temperate. For years they struggled fiercely agiainst Russia, to keep their independence, and in 1858-65, rather than submit, nearly the whole nation of 15 tribes, about half a million in number, left their country for the Turkish part of Asia Minor or the mountains of Bulgaria. See Caucasus.
Cir′ce, a sorceress about whom Homer tells us in his Odyssey. Round her palace in Ææa were many men and women whom she had changed into the shapes of lions and wolves by her drugs and charms. Twenty-two of Ulysses' companions she changed into swine, but Ulysses himself was given an herb, which protected him. So he went boldly to her palace, was unhurt by her drugs and persuaded her to disenchant his companions. She also taught him how to escape many dangers on his homeward voyage. Another story about Circe is that she poured the juice of poisonous herbs into that part of the sea where Scylla, of whom she was jealous, was accustomed to bathe, and so changed her into a horrid monster.
Circulation of Blood, the course of the blood in its round from the heart back
