tribal system had died out. The Scottish rebellions of 1715 and 1745 induced the British government to suppress or break up the connection that existed between the clansmen and their tribal or family chiefs.
Clar′endon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, historian and statesman, was born Feb. 18, 1608, at Dinton, England. When young, he had such gay companions as Ben Jonson and his lifelong friend, Falkland, and, as he himself said: “He never thought himself so good a man as when he was the worst in the company.” As a member of the short and long parliaments he sided against the king, Charles I, but in 1641 drew back and thenceforth supported Charles, composing his answer to the Grand Remonstrance and advising him in the troublous times which followed.
Under Charles II he was high chancellor. His efforts were directed to the restoring of the kingdom to the condition of things which existed 20 years earlier. He looked with equal sourness on Charles' vices and religious toleration, displeased Cavalier and Puritan alike, and was blamed for the sale of the fortress of Dunkirk to France and even with the Great Fire and the Great Plague. Impeached for high treason, in 1667, he spent the remainder of his life in exile. His History of the Rebellion in England is an apology for the course of himself and Charles I, rather than a fair and impartial history. He died in France in 1674.
Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, Earl of, an English diplomatist, was born in London, Jan. 12, 1800. He was a man of genius and charming manners, of rare tact and perfect temper, qualities which insured his success in the diplomatic service, in which he became distinguished. As ambassador to Spain, in 1833, he used the large influence which he soon gained in helping Espartero to establish the government of Spain on a constitutional basis. In 1847 he became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, where he had a rebellion and a famine to contend with. In 1853 he was placed at the head of the foreign office, and upon him fell the responsibility of the Crimean War and at its close the negotiations in regard to the balance of power in Europe. He died on June 27, 1870.
Clarinet (klăr-ĭ′-nĕt) or Clarionet, a wind-instrument, usually of wood, in which the sound is made by a single thin reed. It was probably invented by Joseph Denner, of Nuremberg, in 1690; but it has since then been much changed and improved, so that it now is one of the best of wind-instruments. The tube is round, and enlarged at the end in the form of a bell. It has holes to be covered by the fingers and left thumb, and keys, usually 13, to give the extra tones. The mouthpiece is flattened on one side, along which the reed is laid, leaving a slight opening so that when blown the reed vibrates against the mouthpiece and thus causes the sound. The clarinet has a much greater compass than the flute. It is used in orchestras and is the leading instrument in military bands.
Clark, Alvan, American optician,
engraver and manufacturer of telescopes, at
Cambridge, Mass., was born at Ashfield,
Mass., March 8, 1808, and died at
Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 19, 1887. Early in
life he was a portrait-painter; but in 1845
he turned his attention to the making of
achromatic lenses and manufacture of
telescopes. Associated wtith his sons, he
constructed object-glasses for universities, for
the Naval observatory at Washington and
for the Lick observatory in California. He
also had orders for his firm from Russia,
from the Imperial observatory at Pulkowa.
After his death, in 1887, his two sons
pursued their father's vocation, manufacturing
optical instruments, making improvements
in telescopes, designing models, etc.
One instrument, a 40-inch telescope, they
constructed at a cost of half a million dollars
for the Yerkes observatory at Lake Geneva,
Wisconsin. One of the sons, Alvan Graham
Clark (1832—97), was also an astronomer
of note.
Clark, Francis E., the founder and president of the United Society of Christian Endeavor, was born in 1851 at Aylmer, Canada. He studied at Dartmouth College and at Andover, Mass., and was pastor in Maine and South Boston. He is the author of many books, and editor of the Christian World. The United Society of Christian Endeavor grew out of a small Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor which he founded at Williston Church, Portland, Maine, February 2, 1881.
Clark, George Rogers. This great pioneer and soldier was born at Monticello, Va., in 1752. Previous to the Revolutionary War he had gained experience as a land-surveyor and also as an Indian-fighter. At the opening of the war he moved to Kentucky, and was returned as a member of the first legislature of Virginia, Kentucky being then part of that state. In 1778 he organized and commanded the campaign to conquer what was known as the Illinois country, the woods and prairies around the great Illinois River. He drove the French as well as English settlers from the country or compelled them to submit to the authority of the Continental Congress. He captured and, later, recaptured the fort of Kaskaskia, taking many British troops prisoners. At the end of the war he still was in possession of this vast territory. And this fact was probably the chief argument that led the English and French to extend the domain of the newly-formed nation up to and beyond the Mississippi. But for Clark it is not unlikely that the
