in 1781. He afterward was governor-general of India, where, by his victories over Tippoo Sahib, he probably saved India to the English. Made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he put down the rebellion of 1798, and gained the good-will of the Irish. The ability of Cornwallis in India and in Ireland shows that his failure in America was largely due to the poor generalship of his superior officers, Howe and Clinton. Cornwallis died on Oct. 5, 1805, while on his way to the Indian upper provinces, having been made governor-general a second time.
Corol′la (in plants), the inner set of the two floral envelopes, which usually forms the showy part of the flower. The individual parts are called petals. See Flower.
a, a. Corollas with free petals.
b, b. Corollas with petals united.
Coronado (dā̇ kō′rō̇ nä′thō̇), Francisco de, a Spaniard, born in Salamanca probably about A. D. 1510, was the leader of a pioneer force of troops which, starting from Mexico, did much to explore the unknown region which now is the southwest portion of the United States. The expedition appears to have advanced as far as what now is Kansas. Coronado saw the possibilities of the land which he visited for agriculture; but he was disappointed in his search for precious metals. His papers give the first reliable account of the American bison or buffalo. The latter part of the life of Coronado was spent in retirement, and the date of his death is uncertain. For the papers of this expedition see The Coronado Expedition (Winship) in Reports of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, No. 14.
Corot (kō̇′rō̇′), Jean Baptiste Camille, a French landscape-painter, was born at Paris, July 28, 1796. He was first a clerk in a dry-goods store, but his tastes led him early to study art. His paintings made their way slowly, but wealth and fame finally came to him. Corot's landscapes were true copies of nature. His favorite subjects were misty lakes, rivers smothered in vapor and the quiet of moonlight or sunrise, which he painted as a poet would have written of them. He had great influence on young French artists, who admired and liked him for his genius, kindliness and generosity. At one time they gave him a medal of their own when the Salon had passed him by, and they always called him Father Corot. Among his masterpieces are The Dance of Nymphs and Macbeth. He died on Feb. 22, 1875.
Corporations. Corporations were known to the laws of ancient Rome; but it is only of late, and especially in the United States, that their value as an instrument of commerce as well as their danger to the public welfare has been fully realized. We seem to be in a fair way to preserve the use and to prevent the great abuse of corporate power. A corporation is distinguished from the ordinary partnership in that it is, in the eyes of the law, a distinct person, created by the act of incorporation. It continues, though all the original shareholders have died, its acts are to be considered quite distinct from those of the shareholders, it may sue or be sued in the courts. In one sense it is even a citizen, for it has in general the privileges guaranteed by the constitution of appealing to the supreme court against any state action which the constitution forbids. But this citizenship it does not possess in one matter. It cannot claim the right to do business in any state under the same conditions as those that govern citizens of that state. Thus Texas may pass one set of laws for corporations incorporated within its limits, and another for all other corporations, and forbid their entrance to the state on any other conditions. However, by the interstate commerce provision of the constitution, the products of a corporation of another state may not be excluded from any state, except under conditions that apply to all persons alike. A partnership, on the contrary, is not a distinct person, and the several members are liable to suit for the actions of their partners in whatever business they have agreed to be partners. A joint-stock company, in like manner, is not a separate person, and the members are liable to be sued for its acts, though they are not held to be responsible for all the acts of the company's officers as a partner is responsible for his partner's acts.
At present the Federal government does not incorporate; that is left to the several states. In some states every corporation must be established by a special act of the legislature; but it is now common to lay down by statute the conditions of incorporation and then, whenever those conditions have been fulfilled, the corporation is by that fact established. The act of incorporation has been held by the supreme court to be a contract between the state and the corporation, and it cannot therefore be broken. The state must therefore arrange for the control that it desires to exercise over corporations, before the corporation comes into existence. It is here that we have failed. New Jersey, above all other states, offered exceptionally favorable terms to corporations if they would incorporate under her laws, so as to give her the benefit of the taxes
