Until 1584 there was comparative quiet, but when Henry of Navarre became heir on the death of Anjou, Guise revived the League, and the "war of the three Henries" began. This was marked by the assassination of Guise and his brother, the Cardinal of Lorraine, and of the king himself. Then Henry of Navarre, ascending the throne, signed the famous Edict of Nantes, giving freedom of worship to the Protestants, April 13, 1598.
Until 1615 there was quiet, but then Condé again declared a revolution, ended by the treaty of Loudun the next year, only to be violated by the court in 1617; and after the surrender at Montpellier, Oct. 21, 1622, a partial confirmation of the Edict of Nantes was obtained. The court paid little attention to the treaty. So the duke of Rohan and Prince Soubise, at the head of the Protestants, attempted to regain their lost rights, but after defeating the royal navy several times were defeated by Cardinal Richelieu, who captured the Huguenot stronghold of Rochelle (1628). Louis XIV, abetted by Madame de Maintenon and the Jesuit father, Lachaise, then began a persecution, causing hundreds of thousands to flee to Switzerland, Holland, England and Germany. On Oct. 23, 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes. Then followed still more fearful persecutions. Many fled to the mountains of Cevennes, where they kept up a successful resistance until 1706, when the rebellion was suppressed with great cruelty. It was not until 1789-90 that they were restored to their civil and political rights by the national assembly under Louis XVI. From 1685 onward thousands of Huguenots entered England and supported William of Orange. See Baird's Rise of the Huguenots and Huguenot Emigration to America.
Huguenots, Les. Opera in five acts; words by Scribe and Deschamps, music by Meyerbeer. First produced in Paris in 1836. The drama deals with one of the most dramatic periods in French history — the 16th century. Its musical treatment by Meyerbeer was on a scale of magnificence and splendor previously unattempted. Its great length makes curtailment necessary on ordinary presentations, but it has continued to be the most popular of the productions of Meyerbeer's best period, notwithstanding the unfavorable criticisms of Schumann, Wagner and others. The German choral, Ein feste Burg, is introduced effectively in the first and last acts.
Hull, a city in Quebec opposite Ottawa, across Ottawa River, is a center of the lumbering trade, and has extensive sawmills, pulpmills and woodware and match factories. Population 14,000.
Hull or Kingston-on-Hull, an important English river-port, is in Yorkshire on the north bank of the Humber, where it is joined by the Hull. The docks and basins comprise an area of over 250 acres, the largest being the Alexandra, Albert and Victoria docks. It is the outlet for the manufactures of the interior, but also carrier on an extensive manufacture of ropes, canvas, chain and machinery, anc supports many mills. Among its old and notable buildings are Holy Trinity, St. Mary's Lowgate (1333), Hull College, Hull Grammar School (1486), Trinity House and the town hall. Hull was made a free borough by Edward I in 1299. In 1642 the refusal of the governor to admit Charles marked the outbreak of the Civil War, and caused it to be twice besieged by the Royalists. Hull is the third largest port in Britain and has a population of 278,024. See Freeman's English Towns.
Hull, Isaac, naval officer and nephew of William Hull, was born at Derby, Conn., March 9, 1773. At 14 he became a cabin-boy, then commanded a ship in the West Indian trade, and in 1798 entered the American navy as fourth-lieutenant. He was assigned to the frigate Constitution, and commanded it as captain after 1806. He was an able seaman, and in July, 1812, escaped from the English squadron, afterwards, on August 19, capturing the British ship Guerriere of 44 guns, injuring her so that she had to be burned. After this, Hull's frigate was called Old Ironsides. Hull afterwards commanded squadrons in the Pacific and in the Mediterranean, retired in 1841, and died at Philadelphia on Feb. 13, 1843. See his Life by Gen. James Grant Wilson.
Hull, William, American general, was born at Derby, Conn., in 1753; fought in the Revolutionary War; and was governor of Michigan Territory during 1805-12. He was hurriedly sent at the head of a poorly-conditioned army of 1,500 men to defend Detroit from the British in 1812. He was compelled to surrender, and, to shield the government, he was tried by court-martial and sentenced to be shot. But the sentence was never carried out, and he died on his farm, in Massachusetts, Nov. 29, 1825.
Hum'bert I, second king of Italy, was born on March 14, 1844. He commanded a division in the war with Austria in 1866, taking part in the battle of Custozza. He married his cousin, Princess Marguerite of Savoy, in 1868, and succeeded his father, Victor Emmanual II, as king of Italy in 1878. An attempt was made to assassinate him in the first year of his reign. His changing the death-sentence of the would-be assassin to imprisonment at hard labor and his frequently exposing himself to cholera while relieving the suffering of the sick and dying, when this scourge was raging at Naples, made him most popular with his subjects. At Monza, near Milan, on
