versity (Meth. Epis.) at Mitchell with 27 instructors and 375 students; Yankton College (Cong.) with 23 instructors and 224 students; Huron College (Presb.); Redfield College (Cong.); Sioux Falls College (Baptist); and Mennonite College at Freeman. Besides these institutions there are reformatory and penitentiary schools maintained by the state, schools for the blind and for deaf-mutes and asylums and hospitals for the insane.
History. (For the early annals and for the history of the Dakotas see North Dakota). In 1828-30 a fort was erected at Pierre, which was subsequently sold to the Federal government. Late in the fifties settlement began at Sioux Falls and in the territory to the eastward, while Yankton became the territorial capital in 1863, which was removed 20 years later to Bismarck and, in 1889, to Pierre. An impetus was given to settlement by the construction of railroads, begun about 1872, and by the Custer discovery of gold in 1874 in the Deadwood district and the region of the Black Hills. The movement for statehood dates about from 1883, though it was not until 1889 that the state, and with it North Dakota, was admitted into the Union with a constitution of its own. Indian reservations were further opened to settlement in the nineties. Consult Child's South Dakota; Hagerty's The State of South Dakota; Beadle's Dakota; and Todd's Hydrographic History of the State.
South Dakota, University of, a co-educational institution, organized in 1882 at Vermilion, S. D., and mainly supported by the Legislature for the work it does in the geological survey of the state, though it is otherwise well-endowed by land-grants and other resources. Its courses of study embrace pedagogy, music, commerce and engineering as well as arts and sciences. It has a faculty of 50, a student attendance of 411 and a library of about 16,000 volumes. Its tuition fees are but nominal; while it has a loan-fund for the assistance of needy students. Its income in 1907 was $84,347.
South′ern Niger′ia. See Lagos and Nigeria.
South McAl′ester, Okla., a city, capital of the Choctaws, annexed in 1906; it is on the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf and Missouri, Kansas and Texas railways, about 50 miles south-southeast of Okmulgee, Creek Nation, and about 84 miles southeast of Fort Smith, Ark. It lies in a rich coal-mining district, and (besides several foundries, machine-shops and brick-plants) it has cotton-compress establishments, flour-mills, bottling-works, a tannery and macaroni, cigar and mattress factories. Though settled so recently as 1885, the town was incorporated in 1899 and has since grown considerably. It was recently annexed to McAlester. Combined population, 12,954.
South Mount′ain, Battle of, an engagement of the Civil War precipitated by Lee's first invasion of Maryland in Sept., 1862. The battle occurred on Sept. 14th on South Mountain, a continuation of the Blue Ridge north of the Potomac, and near Boonsboro, Washington Co., Md., when the Federal army under McClellan fell upon the Confederates under Lee at Turner's and Crampton's Gaps in the mountain-range. There was stubborn fighting all day, as the Union forces pressed the rebels back and finally compelled them to withdraw, leaving their dead upon the field. At Turner's Gap there was a loss of about 1,500 on each side, while 1,500 Confederates were taken prisoners. At Crampton's Gap the losses were close upon 500 on each side, besides 400 Confederates taken prisoners. The engagement is known in the north as the Battle of South Mountain, while in the south it was called the Battle of Boonsboro.
South O′maha′, Neb., a flourishing town, adjacent to Omaha City, in Douglas County, the seat of one of the largest meat-packing establishments in the United States. It is on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha; Burlington; Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley; and Union Pacific railloads. It has a number of fine public buildings, including schools, churches, banks; its population grew in a decade from 8,062 to 26,001, and at present is 26,259.
South-Sea Scheme, called the South Sea Bubble, was a plan orginated by Harley, Earl of Oxford, to provide for the extinction of the public debt. A company was formed to which was given the monopoly of the trade of the South Seas and of certain import duties. It agreed to pay the government six per cent. yearly on its debt of $50,000,000. The stock rose until it was quoted at 1,000, when some of the principal directors sold out. The bursting of the bubble followed, many large stockholders fled, and the excitement was so great that Parliament was summoned to decide on the best means of helping in the public distress. Though nothing fraudulent was proved against the directors, their property was confiscated for the benefit of the sufferers, and $35,000,000 due the government was remitted, but this only availed to mitigate very slightly the ruin wrought.
South′ern Cross, a group of stars in the southern hemisphere of the heavens, at a considerable distance from the south pole. The four principal stars form a rough cross. It was added to the list of constellations in 1679.
Southey (south′ĭ), Robert, an English poet, was born at Bristol, England, Aug. 12, 1774. He studied at Oxford. Coleridge and Southey married sisters, and after various experiments, reading law, a secretaryship in Ireland, two visits to Lisbon, with intervals in London, Southey settled at Greta
