canoe south from Green Bay as far as the site of Chicago. Du Luth is another adventurer of the time, his name being perpetuated in that of the city of Duluth; after him came Charles De Langlade, who took part in the French and Indian War of his era and allied himself with the British in the War of the Revolution. In the War of 1812 the French, associated with the Indians, took the British side in the struggle and even made a raid on Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi, capturing its American garrison. Meanwhile the fur-trade was being prosecuted, and immigration slowly began to enter. For the protection of the newcomers and to assist the national authority forts began to be built and garrisoned, especially Fort Howard on Green Bay and one at Prairie Du Chien. Internal development followed, particularly after the discovery of the lead-mines at Potosi and Mineral Point, though the country was periodically disturbed by trouble with the Indians of the region — Sacs, Foxes, Sioux, Chippewas and Winnebagos. An incident in the disaffected condition of the native tribes was the Black Hawk War of 1832, which was presently put down, while the Indians were removed to and protected on new reservations. About the close of the 18th century efforts were made to organize the region as a territory, though it passed through many vicissitudes, being at first part of the Northwest Territory, subsequently oscillating in its attachment to Indiana, to Michigan and to Illinois and then back to Michigan again. Finally in 1836, on the admission of Michigan as a state, Wisconsin, with parts of Iowa, Minnesota and the Dakotas, was erected into a territory, Belmont and Burlington successively being the capital. For 12 years it remained a territory, being shorn meanwhile of parts of its assigned limits; in May, 1848, however, it was admitted into the Union under its first constitution, Madison becoming the capital. About this period, owing to the revolutionary upheaval in Europe, the state received large additions of Germans to its population, while later it took a helpful and patriotic part in the Civil War, furnishing a total contingent of over 90,000 men. The state in 1871, 1894 and 1908 suffered from destructive forest-fires. Its local legislature consists of a senate of 33 members, elected every fourth year, and an assembly of 100 members, returned biennally. It sends 11 representatives to the lower house of Congress. Its executive officers are elected for two years each. The judicial power is vested in seven supreme-court and 18 circuit-court justices. Consult Thwaite's Story of Wisconsin, Strong's Histories of the Territories of Wisconsin, Legler's Leading Facts in the History of Wisconsin and Hebberd's Wisconsin under the Dominion of France.
Wisconsin River, a branch of the Mississippi, rises in Lake Vieux desert on the northeastern border of Wisconsin, flows south 600 miles, and falls into the Mississippi four miles below Prairie du Chien. It is navigable for steamboats for 200 miles to Portage, where it is joined by canal to the Fox, thus making a waterway across the state from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi by way of Green Bay, the Fox and the Wisconsin.
Wisconsin, University of, at Madison, Wis., was chartered in 1848, and opened in 1849. It was reorganized in 1858, but during 1861-5 so many of its students entered the Federal army that in 1864 commencement could not be observed. In 1866 came another reorganization, and since then progress has been unbroken. The university received its national grant for founding colleges of agriculture and industrial arts; opened the regular collegiate course to women; and later established coëducation in every department. The university is the crown of Wisconsin's public schools, and graduates from the high schools do not have to pay for tuition in it. Since 1892 special courses of every kind have been added, and the postgraduate students have greatly increased in number. The university consists of the college of letters and sciences; the college of mechanics and engineering; the college of law; the college of agriculture; and the graduate school. In addition, there are a summer-school and a university-extension. The scientific and literary college offers courses not only in history, languages and sciences but in astronomy, commerce, education, home economics, medicine, normal studies and music. The college of agriculture includes the Wisconsin agricultural experiment-station, and organizes farmers' institutes. There are 26 scholarships, eight of which are for undergraduates; 31 fellowships; and four funds for loans to students. Military drills and gymnastic work are required studies for men during part of the course; but only gymnastic work for women. There are five literary and two debating societies. There also are numerous special associations. The libraries of the university and of Wisconsin Historical Society are particularly rich in works on American and English history, the Greek language and literature, the publications of learned societies in the United States, political and social science and Shakespereana. In 1911 the faculty numbered 470, the students 5,533 and the library (of the university) 122,000 volumes, while other libraries put 128,000 more at the command of the university. The state appropriates funds annually to the university. In 1907 its
