l62 THE PARTICIPLES
a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.
b. The present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem. In -iō verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of -ē-, as capi-ē-ns, audi-ē-ns. It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. § 256.)
| amāns, loving | ||||
| Base
amant- |
Stem
amanti- |
|||
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MASC. AND FEM. | NEUT. | MASC. AND FEM. | NEUT. | |
| Nom. | amāns | amāns | amantēs | amantia |
| Gen. | amantis | amantis | amantium | amantium |
| Dat. | amantī | amantī | amantibus | amantibus |
| Acc. | amantem | amāns | amantīs or -ēs | amantia |
| Abl. | amantī or -e | amantī or -e | amantibus | amantibus |
(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -ī; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in -e.
(2) In a similar way decline monēns, regēns, capiēns, audiēns.
c. The future active participle is formed by adding -ūrus to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. § 206.)
d. For the perfect passive participle see § 201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem.
e. All participles in -us are declined like bonus.
f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.
g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: cūrō, iubeō, sūmō, iaciō, mūniō.
375. Participles of Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,
| Pres. Act. | hortāns, urging |
| Fut. Act. | hortātūrus, about to urge |
| Perf. Pass. (in form) | hortātus, having urged |
| Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) | hortandus, to be urged |
