(wrongly wr. guipno) gen. v, Mn. W. Gwyddno; Mochno b.b. 61, Beuno Ỻ.A. 119, Mn. W. Tudno, Machno, etc., all < *‑gnāu̯i̯ó‑s: Lat. Gnaeus < *gnā-u̯i̯os < *g̑n̥̄‑, √g̑enē- ‘be born’. (With the accent on the ā́ it gave ‑nwy by (3), as Mochnwy b.b. 47, Gronwy § 78 i (2), weakened to ‑neu, see (4), as Guitneu b.b. 98, 106, Iudnou l.l. 73, 77, etc.);—W. clo ‘lock’ < *qlāu̯-ís: Gk. κληίς, Lat. clāvis, √(s)qlāu̯‑;—W. noe ‘large bowl’ < *nāu̯i̯ā́: Lat. nāvia, nāvis, Gk. ναῦς, Ion. νηῦς, Skr. nā́uḥ;—W. athro ‘guardian, teacher’, < *altrāu̯ī́ < *altrāu̯ṓ < *altro-au̯ṓ, § 155 ii (1): *au̯on- iv (1); pl. athrawon, alltrawon < *altrāu̯ónes; f. elltrewyn ‘stepmother’ < *altrāu̯ónī; Bret. aoutrou ‘seigneur’, Corn. altrou ‘fosterfather’.
The mas. sg. is athro in all Ml. W. texts: b.b. 86; a.l. i 338; w.m. 128, 452–3; r.m. 100–1, 202; Ỻ.A. 3, 6, 49, 107, 113; r.p. 1225, 1241, 1255, 1345, 1348; r.b. 975; Io. G. 640, etc.; and in the early edns. of the Bible. The late athraw (Salesbury, Dic.) is an artificial form deduced from the pl. Cae Athro (near Carnarvon) is so named locally; Cae-athraw is a misspelling which came through the Sunday school from late edns. of the Bible. The sg. alltraw is also artificial. (So in late W. cenaw is written for cenau in defiance of the pronunciation in all the dialects, which is cene or cena implying cenau § 6 iii.) Pughe's fem. elltrewen is his own invention; ‑en would not affect the ‑aw- to ‑ew‑.
Other examples of the same development, though the orig. formation is not so clear in these, are—W. glo ‘coal’ for *gw̯loe < Brit. *gu̯lāu̯ís, √g̑u̯el(āˣ)‑: E. coal, Skr. jválati ‘blazes’;—W. gro ‘gravel’ < *grāu̯ís < *ɡhrōu‑, √ghreu̯‑: Lat. rūdus, E. grit;—W. tyno ‘plain, meadow’ for *tno, O. W. tnou l.l. 32, 44, 74, Bret. tnou (: W. teneu, √ten- ‘stretch’?).
(6) Doublets occur for several reasons.—1. Difference of accentuation in Brit.; thus W. gwryw ‘male’, benyw ‘female’ < Brit. *uiróu̯i̯os, *banóu̯i̯os, beside guru, banu a.l. i 272 = Gwyn. dial. gwrw, banw for *gwrwy *banwy < *u̯irou̯i̯ós, *banou̯i̯ós.—2. Difference of ending, as in ceneu ‘whelp’ < *kanóuō, see (1) above, beside cnyw ‘young of an animal’ < *k(a)nóu̯i̯ō, whence, by § 101 ii (2), cyw ‘young of an animal’ pl. cywion < *k(n)óu̯i̯ones.—3. Difference of strong and weak forms; as asswy beside asseu and assw, Gronwy beside Gronw, Cornwy beside Corneu, see § 78.
Note. It is to be observed that ‑ō does not produce i-affection in Bret.; hence W. aff. dau, but Bret. unaff. daou, < *dúu̯ō. On the other hand W. aff. haul, Bret. aff. heol both from *sau’li̯os. The assumption usually made that āu gives W. ‑eu, ‑au based entirely upon these two words (taken as *d(u̯)āu, *sāu’l‑) does not explain the difference in Bret.
vi. (1) ug before a vowel > uu̯ in Brit. and developed like
