*kon-derqu̯‑, √derequ̯‑: Gk. δρέπω ‘I mow, reap’, δρεπάνη ‘sickle’. Except in compounds, where the initial of the second element is treated as an initial, as gorffwys, § 75 vi (4).
(3) Before u it appears as k, as in Ml. W. cw ‘where?’ < the Ar. interrog. stem *qu̯u‑, § 163 i (7), vi.
iii. Ar. k̑u̯ or qu̯, like qu̯, gives p in Brit. and Gaul.: W. prys ‘brushwood’ < k̑u̯rist‑: O. H. G. hrīs ‘twig’, hurst, E. hurst, O. Bulg. chvrastŭ ‘brushwood’, √k̑u̯ereis‑.—W. pair ‘caldron’ < *qu̯ori̯ó‑) Ir. coire id.: O. N. hverna (‘pot’ < *qu̯er‑: Lat. scrīnium.—Ar. *ek̑u̯o‑s > Lat. equus, Gk. ἵππος (ι < ₑ?), Skr. ás̑vaḥ: Ir. ech, Gaul. Epo‑, W. ebol ‘colt’.—W. penn ‘head’, Gaul. Πεννο‑, Ir. cenn < *qu̯enno- < *qu̯ept-sno‑: Goth. haubiþ, E. head, Germ. Haupt, base *qau̯epet- met. for *qapeu̯et- (Sütterlin IF. xxix 123) whence Lat. caput (< *qapu̯et‑).—In later formations: Ar. √māk̑- ‘grow’: R *mək̑- > Gk. μακρός: W. mag-u ‘to nurture’; *mak-u̯o‑s > W. mab ‘son, youth’, Ir. macc, ogam gen. maqu̯qu̯i.—W. epil ‘offspring’ < *eb-hil < *ek-u̯o-sīl‑, √sē- § 63 vi (1), cf. W. gwe-hil-i̯on 1 Bren. xiii 33 < *u̯o-sīl‑.
But before u it gives k, as in W. ci ‘dog’ < *kū < *ku̯ū< *k̑u̯ō = Skr. s̑vā́; cf. ii (3) above.
In the Roman period, therefore, there was no Brit. qu̯ or qu̯, and Lat. qu gives k; as in carawys, garawys ‘lent’ < quadragēsima; W. cegin ‘kitchen’ < coquīna.
iv. It was clearly possible to distinguish in Ar. between qu̯ and qu̯; probably the rounding in the latter was much more pronounced. But qu̯ was also felt as a double consonant, and gives ‑ππ- in Gk., whereas qu̯ gives ‑π- only.
§ 90. Ar. bh (Lat. f, ‑b‑; Gk. φ; Germ. b; Lith. b; Skr. bh) and the rarer Ar. b (Lat. b; Gk. β; Germ. p; Lith. b; Skr. b) both appear as b in Pr. Kelt. Examples: bh: Ar. √bher- > Lat. fero, Gk. φέρω, E. bear, Skr. bhárati ‘bears’: Ir. berimm ‘I bear’, W. cymeraf ‘I take’ < *kom-ber‑.—Ar. *bhrātēr, *bhrāter- > Lat. frāter, Gk. φρᾱ́τωρ ‘member of a clan’, E. brother, Skr. bhrā́tar‑: Ir. brāthir, W. brawd ‘brother’.—Ar. √bhereu̯- > Lat. ferveo: W. berwi § 63 vii (4).—Ar. *bhu- > W. bod, § 63 vii (3).—Ar. √enebh‑: VF *nebh- > Gk. νέφος, νεφέλη, Lat. nebula: Ir. nēl ‘cloud’ < *neblo‑, Ml. W. nywl ‘fog’ < *nebli̯o‑; see § 37 ii.— — b: Ar. √breg̑h- ‘short’: Lat. brevis, Gk. βραχύς: Ir.
