see (2) below; in many cases kn > gn regularly; thus W. sugno ‘to suck’ < *seuk‑n‑, √seuq/ɡ‑: Lat. sūcus, sūgo, E. suck, etc.;—W. dygn ‘grievous’ < *dikn- < *deŋgn‑: Ir. dingim ‘I press down’, O. E. tengan ‘to press’;—W. rhygnu ‘to rub’ < *rukn‑: Gk. ῥυκάνη;—W. dogn ‘portion, dose’ < *dok‑n‑, √dek̑‑: Gk. δέκομαι, δοκάνη· θήκη.
(2) Before r, k, t give g, d regularly, as in gogr i above;—chwegr < *su̯ekr- § 94 iv;—W. deigr ‘tear’ < *dakrū § 120 iii (1);—W. aradr < Ar. *arətrom § 87 i;—W. modryb § 69 ii (4); etc.
But W. ochr ‘edge, side’ beside Ir. ochar < *okr‑, √ak̑‑/oq‑, W. rhuthr ‘rush’ beside Ir. rūathar < *reu-tro‑, √reu̯‑: Lat. ruo, imply kkr, ttr for kr, tr § 99 v (4). Compounds like go-chrwm: crwm ‘bent’ may owe their ch to this, or to s before k.
An example of k < gg giving the same result is Ml. W. achreawdɏr b.t. 9 ‘gathering’ < Lat. aggregātio, with excrescent ‑r; cf. cyngreawdr < congregātio in Cyngreawdɏr Fynydd (‘Mount of Assembly’) ‘The Great Orme’.[1] Similarly g before r may be treated as gg and give g, as in llygru ‘to injure, violate, corrupt’: Gk. λυγρός, Lat. lugeo, Skr. rujáti ‘breaks’, Lith. lúžti ‘to break’, √leuɡ/g̑‑.
iv. (1) Brit. dn > W. n (not *nn); as in W. bôn ‘stem’ < *bud-nó‑, bonedd ‘nobility’ < *budníi̯ā: Ar. *bhudh- ‘bottom’ § 102 iv (2);—W. blynedd < *blidníi̯ās § 125 v (i).
(2) Brit. dm > W. ẟf; as W. greddf ‘instinct’ § 102 iii (2);—W. deddf ‘law’ < *dedmā < *dhedh-mā, √dhē‑: Gk. τεθμός, θεθμός < *dhedh-mos;—W. add-fwyn etc. § 93 ii (3), q. v.
(3) Brit. dl, dr after a back vowel became ẟl, ẟr; the ẟ remained after the accent, and was provected to d, as hadl, cadr § 111 vii (1), and disappeared before the accent, as in iôr < *i̯ud-rós § 66 v. After a front vowel dl, dr > gl, gr, and developed accordingly, ii (1); thus W. cadair, Ml. kadeir < Lat. cat(h)edra;—W. eirif ‘number’ < *ed-rīm- < *ad-rim‑[W 1]: Ir. āram;—W. i waered ‘downwards’ < *di woiret < *do upo-ped-ret‑; gwael ‘base’ < *upo-ped-los, √ped- ‘foot’;—W. aelwyd ‘hearth’, Bret. oaled, O. Corn. oilet < *aidh-l-eti̯‑: Gk. αἴθαλος ‘soot’, Lat. aedes, √aidh- ‘burn’, cf. § 78 ii (3).
v. bl > fl or w̯l, as in gafl ‘fork’: Ir. gabul, Lat. gabalus
- ↑ The identification of the name (treated as two common nouns by Silvan Evans) is the discovery of Professor J. E. Lloyd, Tr. Cym. 1899–1900, p. 158
- ↑ Corrected on p. xxvii to “*ad-rīm‑”
