upári, Gk. ὑπέρ, Lat. s‑uper § 65 v (3); gór-ffen(n) ‘finish’: penn ‘end’; gór-fod ‘conquer’: bod ‘be’; gwár-chadw̯ ‘guard’: cadw ‘keep’, etc. etc.
(18) gwrth- [soft] ‘contra-’ § 66 iii (1); gẃrthun, Ml. W. gwrthvun ‘hateful’: dymuniad (13) above; gẃrth-glawẟ 'rampart': clawẟ ‘dyke’, etc.
(19) hỿ- [soft] ‘well, ‑able’ < *su‑: Gaul. su‑, Ir. su‑, so‑: Gk. ὑ- (in ὑ-γιής), Skr. su- (? from the base *eu̯eseu̯- ‘good’ with V-grade of the first two syllables); hỿ́-gar ‘well-beloved, lovable’: caraf ‘I love’; hỿ́-dyn ‘tractable’: tynnaf ‘I draw’; Hý-wel ‘*conspicuous’: gwelaf ‘I see’; hỿ́-fryd ‘pleasant’: bryd ‘mind’, etc.
(20) rhag- [soft] ‘fore-’ < *prako‑, by § 65 ii (1) < *pro-qo- (i.e. *pro- with suffix ‑qo‑): Lat. reci-procu‑s < *reco-proco‑s; rhág-farn ‘prejudice’: barn ‘judgement’; rhág-fur ‘contramure’: mur ‘wall’; rhág-ddor ‘outer door’; rhag-lúniaeth ‘providence’, etc.
(21) rhỿ- [soft] ‘very, too’: Ir. ro‑: Lat. pro‑, Gk. πρό, Skr. prá, Goth, fra‑; rhỿ́-wyr ‘very late’: hŵyr ‘late’, cf. Gk. πρό-κακος ‘very bad’; rhỿ́-gyng, Ml. W. r͑ygig̃ ‘ambling pace’ < *(p)ro-k̑enɡh- § 101 iii (2). In Mn. W. it forms loose compounds with adjectives § 65 iv (2), § 220 viii (1).
(22) tra- [spirant] ‘over, very, excessive’ < *tar- < *tₑrós‑, § 214 iii: Ir. tar‑, Skr. tirás‑; trá-chwant ‘lust’; trá-chas ‘very hateful’; trá-serch ‘great love, adoration’; trá-chul ‘very lean’; trắmor ‘oversea’ i.e. trammor for *tarmmor < *tₑrós mari.; trachw̯res b.t. 30: gw̯res § 92 iii. It forms loose compounds by being placed before any adj., § 220 viii (1). The metathesis could have taken place when the accent was on the ult.; cf. § 214 iii.
traf‑, as in traf-lýncu ‘to gulp’ (: llyncu ‘to swallow) < *tram‑: Ir. trem‑, tairm‑, an m-formation from the same base: cf. Lat. tarmes, trāmes; see § 220 ii (10). There seems to have been some confusion of the two prefixes: tramor above and trắmwy ‘to wander’ < ‑*mou̯i̯- (: Lat. moveo) may have either. This would help to spread tra- for *tar‑. tránnoeth ‘over night’ cannot be from *tram- which would become traf- before n; trénnyẟ ‘over the day’ i.e. ‘next day but one’ is probably re-formed after trannoeth.
traws‑, tros- § 210 x (6); Ml. W. traws-cwyẟ w.m. 83, 85, ‘transaction’; in Mn. W. leniting, traws-feddiant ‘usurpation’, prob. owing to sc > sg etc. § 111 vi (2), as in traws-gwyẟ r.m. 60, 61.
(23) trỿ- [soft] ‘through, thorough’; trỿ́-dwll ‘perforated’; trỿ́-loyw ‘pellucid’; trỿ́-fer ‘javelin’: bêr ‘spear’. It seems to imply Brit. *tri‑, weak form of *trei > trwy ‘through’ § 210 x (5).
ii. Some prefixes occur only in rare or isolated forms, and are not recognized as such in the historical periods. The following may be mentioned:
(1) 'a(n)- < *n̥- ‘in’; áchles § 99 vi (1), anmyneẟ § 95 ii (3); ánglaẟ ‘funeral’ < *n̥-qlad- (claddu ‘to bury’) √qolād- § 101 ii (3).
