vii. Each of the following v.n.'s has a form peculiar to itself:
(1) lluddias G.G1. F. 14, Ml. W. lluddyas IL.A. 19 'to hinder', vb. lluddiaf, 3rd sg. pres. ind. lludd D.G. 105, aor. sg. 3. llubywyx W.M. 103, lluddiodd D.G. 105.
The suffix is prob. the same as the abstr. noun suff. -as 143 iii (6).
(2) arediff, Ml. W. eredic B.B. 44 'to plough', vb. arddaf 100 iii (2). There is a v.n. erti ( = erbfy in B.B. 55, and a recent artificial arddw ; but the v.n. in common use is arediff.
Pwy bynnac a dorro tervyn oy eredyc, y brenhyn a 8yty yr ychen ay harSo A.L. i 196 ' Whoever shall destroy a boundary by ploughing it, the king shall be entitled to the oxen that plough it.'
The ending is similar in formation to that of the v.adj. -ediy 206 vii.
(3) chwerthin 'to laugh', vb. chwarddaf, 3rd sg. pres. ind. chweirb or chwardd 173 iv (2).
chwerthin B.M. 185, 237, wherthin W.M. 171. chwerthin is also an abstr. noun meaning 'laughter/
Gweniaith brydferth a chwerthin Erioed a fu ar dy fin. D.G. 108. ' Pretty flattery and laughter have always been on thy lip.'
chwarSaf<*s-uar-d-ami, d-stem, Vuere(t)- : Lat. ndeo 63 vii (5) ; chwerthin, Bret, c'hoarzin, < *s-uar-tln-l < *s-u e r'-tln-ai, dat. oi *s-u e r'-tiio, abs. noun in *-tiio : Lat. -tio ; the oblique cases have *-tin- ( < *-tii e n-) in Kelt, as in Osc.-Umbr., not -tion- as in Lat., Brugmann* II i 319. The dat. of this stem occurs as infinitive in Ir. also : do saigthin ' to seek '. chwerthin seems the only survival in W. The use of -tio as an abs. noun suffix is a feature of Italo-Kelt.
(4) gweini ' to serve ', vb. gweinyddaf.
The -i of gweini may represent the I which stands in ablaut with -eie- ; *uo-gnx-mu- > gweini : O.W. gnim, Ml. W. gnif, Ir. gnlm, u- flexion. On the verb see 201 i (6).
(5) * e fyM ' ^ stand ', vb. safaf.
safaf is a denom. from a noun *sth9-mo-s, Vstha- 'stand*, like tyfaf I grow* from *tumo-8, 201 i (8); 8eJyll<*8th9m-i-U-s, with the iterative and causative -i- ( : -eie), and the suffix *-li-, as in gafael i (4) ; I between i's gives W. II 111 i (2).
(6) gwneuthur ' to make, do', vb. gwnaf 193 x (4).
(7) There are one or two other anomalous forms such as
