overlapping use of a 'by means of and o 'of, from' prob. con- duced to the formation of the analogical oc 209 vii (5). The last element in Brit. *ag-gos is the same as that of the orig. form of a 'and' 222 i (3).
(2) gwedy (: Bret, goitde) 'after' is also an adv. 'afterwards' 220 ii (9). As a prep, it is largely used before verbal nouns, and in periphrastic conjugation it forms the equivalent of a perfect. For its origin see I.e. ; it has the same final element as a, ag.
iv. The above are the only prepositions which may govern personal pronouns, except mal, megys 215 iv.
214. The following prepositions are of more or less re- stricted use :
i. ach is used only in ach law ' near at hand ' ; ach fy Haw ' near me ', etc. 209 vii (5).
A trace of a wider use is seen in ym ach mur Kaer Loyw R.M. 131 ' beside the wall of Gloucester ' ; ym = am < *mbhi 156 i (4).
ii. ger [rad.] ' near ', Ml. kir, ker, gyr, ger, geir, geyr, gar, is used chiefly in gerlldw,ger Haw ' at hand ', gerbron, ger Iron l before ' (ger fy Haw ' near me ', ger dy lam di IL.A. 125 f near thee ', gerfy mron 1 before me '), but may occur before any noun denoting a place.
The radical initial is k-, as kir Haw B.B. 10, ker Uaw E.P. 1246, M.A. i 230, cer bron do. 206, ker tir Tyssilyaw do. 341, Mn. W. a cJier bron Dat. iii 5. The origin of the word is uncertain ; it seems to form the prefix in cyr-haeddaf ' I reach ', Mn. v.n. cyrr-aedd : haeSaf ' I reach ' ; possibly allied to cwrr ' edge ', V(s}qer- ' cut ' ; both -ei- and -y- may be affections of -a- or -o- before -rr-, and -e- may be a variant of y 16 iv (2) ; gar W.M. p. 281 may have unaffected a.
iii. tra is used only in drachefn ' backwards, again ' (cefn ' back ') ; with infixed pronouns kilya drathgefpn C.M. 41 ' with- draw!' and sg. impv., draechefyn K.M. 177 'behind her'. In Late Ml. and Mn. W. by a wrong division of drachefn we have drach dy gevyn S.G. 275 'behind thee', dracli 'y nghefn D.G. 274 ' behind me ', drach ei chefn Gen. xix 26.
Tra mar tra Brython B.T. 76 ' beyond the sea, beyond [the borders of] the Britons' and tra run B.B. 49 'beyond Khun' preserve the remains of a wider use.
trachefn for *tarcMfn < *taros kebn- < Ar. *t s ros : Ir. tar : Skr. tirdh < *t e rds ; allied to trwy 210 x (5) ; see 156 i (22).
iv. pw (py) is used only in the phrase pwy gilydd 'to its fellow ', as o ben bwy gilydd ' from end to its fellow ' i. e. from end
