salmon. In the vicinity of Sims in 1898 we found 700 to 1,000 in the various pools. They were common in McCloud River in September, and in Fall River in August.
These summer residents, as they may be called, are confined to the headwaters, the clear streams with rocky bottoms. They do not stay much of the time in the swift current or riffles, but remain in the more quiet pools, where they feed on insects and take the angler's fly the same as trout. Considerable effort was made to learn as much as possible concerning them, and Sacramento River near Sims and its tributary, Hazel Creek, were visited each month from May to December with that end in view.
During July and August, all specimens taken were marked by cutting off the adipose fin, by which means we were able to make estimates of the number in the pools, their rate of migration, and their rate of growth. The number estimates were made thus: After having marked a few and released them in the pool, the following proportion was formed with the data from each seine-haul: the number of marked fry taken is to the number of marked fry in the pool, as the total number taken is to the total number in the pool. In August, when we could distinguish those just marked from those marked in July, we were able to make estimates of the number of July-marked fry in a pool and, knowing the number released there in July, to compute the rate of migration for the month.
The following table gives the result of the work in one pool, and illustrates the data used in making the number estimates:
| Date. | No. caught. | No. previously marked. |
No. marked fry caught. |
Estimated No. in pool. |
| Aug. 16 P. M. | 66 | 1 | 1 | |
| “ | 148 | 66 | 13 | 751 |
| “ | 146 | 197 | 30 | 992 |
| Aug. 17 A. M. | 83 | 312 | 38 | 682 |
| “ | 47 | 357 | 19 | 883 |
| “ | 19 | 385 | 4 | 1804 |
| “ | 64 | 400 | 25 | 1024 |
| “ | 149 | 439 | 62 | 1055 |
| “ | 71 | 525 | 40 | 932 |
| “ | 35 | 556 | 15 | 1297 |
| Aug. 17 P. M. | 19 | 576 | 9 | 1216 |
| “ | 3 | 586 | 3 | 586 |
| —— | —— | |||
| Total different individuals, | Average of | |||
| 24 hrs., 586 | estimates, | 1022 | ||
The average estimates for two other smaller pools are 685 and 861. From these estimates it seems probable that there were about 10,000 young salmon to the mile in the upper Sacramento during the summer of 1898, or less than a million in all the headwaters, which is a very
