lips being closed. The expiration is very feeble and when the v is nasalised, the weak stream of breath passes through the nose. Hence we get m′ for v. It is not clear to me why those younger people who retain the bilabial v should not substitute m′ for this sound but it should be borne in mind that they are giving up nasalisation. This m′ is common in rïm′ə = rï̃və, ‘before’; kïm′n′ə, kïm′n′αχ = kï̃vn′ə, kï̃vn′αχ; ïm′ir′, ï̃vir′, ‘number’, is a rare word only known to a few. Perhaps the doublets d′i:m′αs, d′i:vαs, ‘disrespect’, O.Ir. dímess are to be accounted for in this way, but the same uncertainty exists in d′i:wu:nuw, d′i:munuw, ‘bad manners’.
αm′l′uw, ‘bad usage, abuse’ in Nα to:r′ αm′l′uw də N′αLαχ l′eʃ ə wαduw, ‘do not let the dog hound the cattle’, adj. αm′l′i: is obscure. Dimieen has amhluadh, amhlat.
§ 299. A voiceless m′ occurs in the futures L′eim̥′i ʃə, ‘he will jump’; sNỹ:m̥′ə m′ə, ‘I shall fasten’, also past part. sNỹ:m̥′ə.
§ 300. mə, ‘my’, becomes m′ before an O.Ir. palatal initial or before f′, e.g. er′ m′iN′t′iN′, ‘on my mind’; m′αr, ‘my husband’; and oven m′ïp′, ‘my whip’ (fwïp′).
14. ŋ.
§ 301. The sound denoted by this symbol is formed much further back against the soft palate than is the case with English or German ŋ. Initially it only occurs as the eclipsed form of g, e.g. ə ŋrα:, ‘in love’; mər ŋo:r, ‘your goat’; er′ ŋö̤:r, ‘our hound’; ə ŋlakit(′) ʃə, ‘if he should take’.
§ 302. ŋ usually corresponds to O.Ir. medial and final ng, as in αŋ, ‘splice in a shirt’, cp. tα: αŋ wα͠ıç tαlïv əgəd, Di. eang (with different meaning); αŋαχ, ‘fisherman’s net’, Di. eangach; b′αŋlαn, ‘prong’, Meyer bengán, benglán; dro̤ŋ, ‘crowd’, M.Ir. drong; ïŋə, ‘nail’, O.Ir. inga; k′αŋləm, ‘I tie’, M.Ir. cenglaim; Lo̤ŋ ‘ship’, M.Ir. long; m′αŋuw gα:r′ə, ‘smile’, cp. Di. meanghail < M.Ir. meng; srαŋ, ‘band, string’, M.Ir. sreng; srɑŋədi:, ‘reaching over’, cp. Di. sreangaim; ʃαŋ, v. § 183, M.Ir. seng; ʃαŋαn, ‘ant’, M.Ir. sengán; t′αŋy, ‘tongue’, O.Ir. tenge.
In one word borrowed from Teutonic and in a number of obscure forms we find the combination ŋg as in English ‘finger’, viz. Lαŋgə, ‘ling (a fish)’, Norse langa (Macbain); αŋguw, ‘a festering sore’, adj. αŋguwαχ, cp. Meyer angbaid-echt; kɔrəb′ïŋgə, ‘haunch’, Di. coragiob, b′ïŋguw, ‘stagger’, cp. wuiL′ ʃə dɔ:rN mo:r ɔrəm αχ N′i:r′ wiN′ ʃə b′ïŋguw əsəm, ‘he gave me a heavy blow