INSTRUCTION— JUSTICE — FINANCE
949
In the king is vested the right of guardianship and direction over the churches, and, so far as he belongs to the Evangelical Church, also the conservation of the episcopal rights in this church. The administration of the Evangelical Church is in the hands of a consistorium of one president, nine councillors, and six general superintendents, at Ludwigsburg, Heilbronn, Reutlingen, Tiibingen, Hall, and Ulrn. The representative body of the Evangelical ecclesiastical communes is the Evangelical Landes-synode, con- sisting of 25 clerical and 25 lay representatives of the dioceses and 1 of the evangelical theological faculty of the university, with 3 clerical and 3 lay members appointed by the evangelical princes. It meets at least every six years, oftener if necessary. The Roman Catholics are under a bishop, who has his see at Rottenburg, and is suffragan to the archbishop of Freiberg in Baden. The State exercises its rights over the Catholic Church through the Catholic Kirchenrat, which is appointed by the king and is subject to the Ministry of Worship. The Jews likewise are under a special council (Oberkirchenbehorde), nominated by the king on the proposition of the Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs and Public Education.
Instruction. — Education is compulsory, and there must be one public school or more in every commune. According to official returns, there is not an individual above the age of ten, unable to read and write. In 1911 there were 2, 250 places with elementary schools with 6,081 teachers, attended by 362,708 pupils ; 104 Realschulen with 17,009 pupils ; 22 grammar schools (Elementarschulen) with 4,939 pupils ; 18 gymnasia, of which 4 are training colleges for the Protestant clergy, 6 Realgymnasias, 5 Progymnasias and 7 Real progymnasias, 50 Latin schools, having together 9,287 scholars. For girls there are 23 high schools with 6,776 pupils and 1 gymnasium with 76 pupils. There are, besides, the Technical High School at Stuttgart, the Veterinary High School at Stuttgart, the Agricultural High School at Hohenheim, and several agricultural and other special institutes. The State funds appropriated to education amounted in 1909-10 to 586,100^. For Tiibingen University see under Germany.
Justice. — In addition to other tribunals there is one Oberlandesgericht at Stuttgart. In 1909, 20,029 persons were convicted of crimes.
Finance. — Estimated revenue and expenditure for two years ending March 31 :—
Sources of Revenue
1911-12
1912-13
Marks
Marks
Forests, Farms, Mines, Metal, and Salt Works
14,213,212
13,701,342
Commercial Revenues — Railway: net re-
ceipts .......
20,095,133
21,281,296
Post Office, Telegraph, Steamers .
7,787,695
8,819,740
Miscellaneous ......
756,106
1,532,656
Direct Taxes — Income, Land, House, Trade
and other Taxes
31,924,950
32,619,950
Indirect Taxes — On Business Transactions .
3,852,850
4,046,600
Taxes on Wine and Beer
1.5,833,000
15,833,000
Fees and Law Expenses
5,910,000
6,940,000
On Successions and Gifts
674,400
674,400
German Empire : — Quotas from Customs, &c.
6,770,000
107,817,346
6,770,000
Total Revenue
112,218,984
(£5,390,867)
(£5,610,949)
