788
FRANCE
1904
1911
1912
Students of
State
state
State
Institutions.
Institutions.
Institutions
Protestant Theology
117
—
Law
11,084
17,292
17,027
Medicine ....
7,459
8,282
8,265
Sciences ....
4,662
6,096
6,463
Letters ....
4,069
6,237
6,309
Pharmacy ....
3,014
1,339
1,358
Schools of Medicine and
.
Pharmacy ....
—
1,9441
1,772 2
'I'otal ....
30,405
i 41,190
41,194
1 1,051 medicine, 293 pharmacy.
2 1,522 medicine, 250 pliarmacy.
In 1912 the total number of students in the public establishments was 41,194, of whom 35,625 were French, and 5,569 foreigners ; 3,910 were women (2,114 French, and 1,796 foreign). The numbers comprise not only matri- culated students (among whom are students by correspondence), but also non -matriculated students.
There are free faculties : at Paris (the Catholic Institute of Paris com- jirising the law and advanced scientiiic and literary studies) ; Angers (theology, law, sciences, letters, agriculture) ; Lille (theology, law, medicine and pharmacy, sciences, letters, social sciences and politics) ; Lyon (theology, law, sciences, letters), Marseille flaw), Toulouse (tlie Catholic Institute with theological, literary, and scientific instruction). There is, besides, in Paris a large institution for iVee higher instruction, the Ecole libre des Sciences Politiques (43 courses).
The State faculties confer the degrees of bachelor, of licentiate, and of doctor. Admission to degrees (agregations) is by special competition, which lead to the title of professmr in secondary and in higher instruction.
The other higher institutions dependent on the Ministry of Public Instruction are the College de France (founded by Francis I. iii 1530), which has 50 courses of highest study bearing on various subjects,^ literature and language, archaeology, mathematical, natural, mental and social science (political economy, &c.) ; the Museum of Natural History giving instruc- tion in the sciences and nature ; the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (history and philology, mathematical and physico-chemical sciences, and the sciences of nature and of religion), having its seat at the Sorbonne (18 courses); the ]&cole Normale Superieure, which prepares teachers lor secondary instruction, and since 1904, follows the curricula of the Sorbonne without special teachers of its own ; the :^cole des Chartes, which trains the archivist paleographers (8 courses) ; the Ecole des Langues Orientales vivantes (16 courses) ; the Ecole du Louvre, devoted to art and archfeology ; the ilcole des Beaux-Arts, and the Bureau des Longitudes, the Central Meteorological Bureau ; the Observatoire of Paris ; and the French Schools at Athens, Rome, Cairo and Indo-China, besides a school for Morocco.
Outside Paris there are eight observatories (Meudon, Besancon, Bordeaux, &c. ). The observatory at Nice is dependent on the Academy of Sciences.
Professional and Technical Instruction.— The principal institutions of hi^dier or technical instruction dependent on other ministries are : the Con-
