Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 8

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Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong
Chapter 8
Minister over the Masses Wang skillfully employs the concept of interlinked stratagems;[1] Senior Grand Tutor Dong blows his stack at Fengyi Pavilion.

Contents

[edit] Map

Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 8 (China)
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1
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3
3
4
4
5
5
Places in Chapter 8
1. Qu'e
2. Jiangdu
3. Fort Mei
4. Chang'an
5. Hu County

Chapter 8
Minister over the Masses Wang skillfully employs the concept of interlinked stratagems;[1] Senior Grand Tutor Dong blows his stack at Fengyi Pavilion.

     Let us now turn to Kuai Liang, who said, "Sun Jian is now dead, and his children are all still young. We should take advantage of this moment of weakness, and swiftfly advance on the enemy, so that we can wipe out the army from the eastern bank of the Yangtze in one fell swoop.[2] If we return the corpse and stand down our army, we will allow them to regain their strength, which could result in a disaster for Jingzhou." Biao said, "Our Huang Zu is in their camp; how can we abide abandoning him?" Liang said, "What's to stop us from discarding a clueless Huang Zu in exchange for conquering the eastern bank of the Yangtze in one fell swoop?[2] Biao said, "Huang Zu is my good friend; it would be immoral to discard him." With that, he sent Huan Jie back to his camp, with the agreement that Sun Jian's body would be exchanged for Huang Zu.

[edit] 2

     After Sun Ce returned Huang Zu and took possession of the coffin containing his father's body, he halted all fighting and returned to the eastern bank of the Yangtze.[2] He buried his father on the plains of Qu'e. Once the funeral was over, he led his army to Jiangdu. There, he invited men of wisdom and valor to his side, and humbly subjugated himself in service to others. Gradually, men of outstanding abilities came from all over the country to throw in their lot with him. That's enough on that subject.

[edit] 3

     Let us now turn to Dong Zhuo, who was in Chang'an. When he heard that Sun Jian had died, he said, "I have removed a true thorn in my side!" He then asked, "How old is his son?" Someone replied, "Seventeen." Accordingly, Zhuo did not regard him as a serious threat. From then on, he became even more imperious. He gave himself the title of "Latter-Day Shang the Elder," and issued phony instruments of the Son of Heaven. He then made his younger brother Dong Min General of the Left and Marquis of Hu County. He made his nephew Dong Huang his trusted attendant, and had him take command of the army charged with guarding the capital. All of the members of the Dong clan, regardless of age, were granted the rank of marquis. He also ordered the building of Fort Mei at a distance of 250 li[3] from Chang'an. 250,000 laborers were tasked with its completion. The height and thickness of its walls rivaled those of Chang'an. Inside the walls, palace buildings and storehouses were built, with 20 years worth of grain rations. Among those selected for its occupancy were 800 young men and women. Gold, jade, beautiful silks and pearls were amassed in such great quantities as to be uncountable. His entire family resided within its walls. Zhuo shuttled back and forth between there and Chang'an once or twice per month. All of his ministers would see him off each time, accompanying him to the outside of Guangmen Gate.[4]

[edit] 4

     Zhuo would often erect a tent along the roadside, and gather his ministers together for drinks. One day, a number of officials exited the city via Guangmen Gate to send off Zhuo. Zhuo stayed behind and threw a banquet, during which, several hundred soldiers had arrived. They had travelled north in order to make peace and surrender. Zhuo ordered them to be brought before him. Some ended up having their hands and feet cut off. Some ended up with their eyes carved out. Some ended up with their tongues cut off. Some ended up being boiled in a large cauldron. The sounds of crying and moaning shook the heavens. All of the officials were dumbfounded and struck with fear. However, Zhuo kept on drinking, eating, talking and laughing as if nothing had happened.

[edit] 5

     On yet another day, Zhuo was meeting with all of the officials at the capital, who were seated according to rank in two rows on either side of him. Several rounds of toasts later, Lü Bu strode into the room, and whispered a few words into Zhuo's ear. Zhuo smiled and said, "So that's the way it is." He then ordered Lü Bu to grab Minister of Works Zhang Wen from where he was sitting, and remove him from the room. All of the officials turned pale. Before long, one of the palace guards entered the room and presented a red platter with Zhang Wen's head on it. The officials were so shocked, they practically leaped out of their skin. Zhuo smiled and said, "Don't be alarmed. Zhang Wen had been conspiring with Yuan Shu to plot against me. Yuan Shu had someone deliver a letter to Zhang Wen, but the letter ended up coming to my son Fengxian by mistake, so I had Zhang Wen beheaded. All of you are innocent, so no need to panic." All of the officials reverentially dispersed.

[edit] 6

     Minister over the Masses Wang Yun returned to his residence. When he began to mull over what had happened at court that day, he became agitated and could not sit still. In the middle of the night, when the moon was shining bright, he took his walking stick and made his way to the rear courtyard. While he was standing beside the roseleaf bramble trellis, he looked up at the sky and began to weep. Suddenly, he could hear someone sighing and moaning beside the peony pavilion. Yun tiptoed over to take a peep, and saw that it was Diao Chan, a sing-song girl living at his residence. The girl had been brought into his household when she was a child. She had been tutored in the arts of singing and dancing, and was now 28 years old. She was attractive and graceful, and Yun treated her like his own daughter. On this night, Yun listened for a while, then barked out, "You are having illicit relations with a man, you vixen!" Diao Chan was startled, and knelt down. She replied, "How could I dare to have an affair?" Yun said, "If you're not having an affair, then why all the groaning in the middle of the night?" Chan said, "Allow me to speak from the heart." Yun said, "Don't hide anything from me, tell it to me straight." Chan said, "I am undeserving of your patronage. You have arranged for me to be tutored in the arts of singing and dancing, and have treated me exceptionally well. Even if I were to be smashed to pieces on your behalf, it still would not repay one ten thousandth of what you have done for me. When I saw how upset you have been of late, I realized that something major must be happening in our country, but did not dare to ask what it was. Tonight, I noticed that you were so agitated that you did not know whether to sit or stand. It was for this reason that I was sighing and moaning. I did not wish you to see me in this state. If there is any way that I can be of use, I would not refuse, even if it meant dying ten thousand deaths." Yun struck the ground with his stick, saying, "Who would have thought that the fate of the great Han nation would be left in your hands! Follow me into the painted pavilion."

[edit] 7

     Diao Chan followed Yun into the two-tier pavilion, then Yun ordered all of the other servant girls to leave. He made Diao Chan sit on a chair, while he knelt down in obeisance before her. Diao Chan was shocked, and prostrated herself on the ground, saying, "Your Excellency, why are you acting like this?" Yun said, "You have taken pity on the citizens of the great Han nation!" As he finished his sentence, tears welled up in his eyes. Diao Chan said, "As I said, just give an order, and I will carry it out, even if it means dying ten thousand deaths." Yun knelt down and said, "Ordinary citizens are in perilous waters; the emperor and his ministers are also in dire straits. Their fate is completely in your hands. The treacherous Dong Zhuo wants to usurp the throne. The civilian and military officials at court are powerless to stop him. Dong Zhuo has an adopted son. His surname is and his given name is Bu. He is a man of uncommon bravery. In my estimation, both men are notorious womanizers. I would like to employ the concept of interlinked stratagems.[1] I would like for you to first consent to marry Lü Bu, and then later offer yourself to Dong Zhuo. You will take advantage of the situation to gather information about both father and son. This information can be used to turn them against each other, causing Bu to kill Zhuo, thus eliminating a major source of evil. Restoring the imperial sacrificial alter, and saving the nation, depends on your efforts. Are you willing to do it?" Diao Chan said, "I said that I will carry out your orders, even if it means dying ten thousand deaths. I will offer myself to them. I already have a plan worked out in my head." Yun said, "If this gets out, it will mean the destruction of me and my entire family." Diao Chan said, "Don't worry, Your Excellency. I wish to die at the hand of ten thousand blades, should I not succeed in avenging justice."

[edit] 8

     Yun expressed his thanks. The next day, he ordered a craftsman to fashion a golden headpiece; he also had the craftsman inlay it with several pearls which had been kept in his family. He then sent someone to secretly deliver the headpiece to Lü Bu. Bu was overjoyed, and personally went to Wang Yun's residence to offer his thanks. Yun had already prepared a banquet of exquisite dishes. Once Lü Bu arrived, Yun came out to welcome him, then ushered him into the rear hall, and invited him to sit at the place of honor. Bu said, "I'm merely a general at the residence of the Chancellor of China. You are Minister over the Masses, a powerful official within the court. For what reason do you misplace so much courtesy?" Yun said, "Currently, there is no other true hero in the entire nation, besides you. If it is not fitting that I salute the rank of a general, then I will at least salute the talent of that general." Bu was overjoyed. Yun dutifully toasted him, and told him that Senior Grand Tutor Dong and Bu were virtuous beyond measure. Bu laughed uproariously and drank with abandon. Yun ordered all but a few of the attendants to leave. The few remaining servant girls continued to pour the wine. After they both were a bit tipsy, Yun said, "Tell my daughter to come here."

[edit] 9

     After a while, two servant girls helped Diao Chan to put on her makeup and come out. Bu was startled and asked who she was. Yun said, "This is my daughter Diao Chan. I have been the recipient of your kindness and regard you as one of the family, so I had her join us in order to meet you." Yun then ordered Diao Chan to pour wine for Lü Bu. Diao Chan served Bu wine, and they both made eyes at each other. Pretending that he was drunk, Yun said, "My daughter has entreated you to drink and be merry. My family relies on your good graces." Bu invited Diao Chan to sit with him, and Diao Chan pretended that she was interested. Yun said, "General, you are my good friend. What's the harm in my daughter sitting with you?" Diao Chan sat down next to Yun. Lü Bu could not take his eyes off of her.

[edit] 10

     After a few more cups of wine, Yun pointed to Chan and asked Bu, "General, if I offered this girl to you as a concubine, would you be willing to take her?" Bu stood up and thanked him, saying, "If you were willing to do this, I would do everything in my power to repay your kindness." Yun said, "I will immediately pick a good day to send her to your home." Bu was happy beyond measure, and kept looking over at Diao Chan. Diao Chan also cast amorous glances in his direction. After a while, they all got up from their seats, and Yun said, "I had originally wanted to have you stay the night, but I'm afraid that the Senior Grand Tutor may get suspicious." Bu thanked him repeatedly, then left.

[edit] 11

     After a few days, Yun ran into Dong Zhuo while at court. Taking advantage of the fact that Lü Bu was not by Zhuo's side, Yun prostrated himself on the floor and respectfully asked, "Senior Grand Tutor, I would like for you to attend a banquet at my humble abode; I was wondering what you thought of the idea?" Zhuo said, "Since I have been invited by the Minister over the Masses, I shall make it a point to go." Yun thanked him, and returned home. He set out all manner of rare delicacies, both from the sea and from the land, in his front hall. He put chairs in the center of the hall, and spread out fine embroidered silks on the floor. He also erected screens and curtains, both inside and out. The next day at noon, Dong Zhuo arrived. Over one hundred attendants and halberd carrying armored guards crowded into the hall, lining themselves into two ranks on each side. Yun again paid obeisance at the foot of the stairs to the entrance of the hall. Zhuo gave the order for him to rise and join him at his side. Yun said, "Senior Grand Tutor, may I say that you are a tower of virtue. Yi Yin and Duke of Zhou are not even in your league." Zhuo was overjoyed. They continued to pour wine and offer each other toasts, talking and laughing the whole while. Yun was extremely respectful.

[edit] 12

     Later that evening, as they became slightly tipsy, Yun invited Zhuo into the rear hall; Zhuo ordered his armored guards to get lost. Yun held up his wine cup and offered a toast, saying, "Astronomy has been a hobby of mine since my youth. Having observed recent nighttime celestial events, it has become clear that the house of Han's days are numbered. Senior Grand Tutor, you have taken the world by storm. It's just like when Shun succeeded Yao, or when Yu succeeded Shun. It was the will of both heaven and man." Zhuo said, "How could I dare wish for such a thing?" Yun said, "Since ancient times, 'those who understood the Way eliminated those who did not. Those who lacked virtue yielded to those who had virtue.'. I'm not overstating the case, am I?" Zhuo smiled and said, "If the Mandate of Heaven falls to me, you shall be revered as the founding father of a new era."

[edit] 13

a man playing a Sheng

     Yun thanked him, and lit all of the fancy candles within the hall. Everyone was dismissed, with the exception of the servant girls, who were bringing the wine and food. Yun said, "I regret that I am unable to offer entertainment on par with the Royal Academy. However, if I may be so presumptuous, our family does have a sing-song girl who could perform for you." Zhuo said, "How wonderful." Yun gave the order for the bamboo curtains to be taken down. The sound of sheng music filled the air, as attendants surrounded Diao Chan, while she danced just outside of the curtains. The following lyrics have been written in praise of her:

[edit] 14

In days gone by, the lady of Zhaoyang Palace was so light and graceful in dance,[5] that she reminded one of a wild goose who had just taken off in flight after having been startled. It was as though she could twirl in the palm of one's hand.
One could not help but suspecting that she was really a bird flying over Lake Dongting in the spring.[6] And now, this one's steady and graceful steps, as if floating on lotus leafs, are completely in sync with the Melody of Liangzhou.
The scent of new flowers wafts through the air. The incense from the painted hall cannot keep out the fragrance of spring.

[edit] 15

  

     There is also a poem that goes:

[edit] 16

fruit of an elm tree
ancient Chinese coins

She was like a swallow that flies frantically to the urgent beat of the wooden red clappers, like a cloud that drifts through the painted hall.
Her darkened eyebrows gave consternation to travelers from afar. From the beginning, her face had broken the hearts of the men of old.
The fruit of the elm tree resembles real money, but it cannot buy her smile, which is worth a thousand pieces of gold. Why would one need to further adorn those arms, which remind one of the branches of a willow tree?
As her dance ends, they all steal glances of her over the high bamboo curtain. One cannot tell which of her admirers will burn with a lust comparable to that of King Xiangqing of Chu.[7]

[edit] 17

     After she finished dancing, Zhuo ordered her to approach. Diao Chan turned and entered through the curtain, then deeply bowed. Zhuo saw that Diao Chan had a beautiful face, and asked, "Who is this girl?" Yun said, "Diao Chan, my sing-song girl." Zhuo said, "Can she sing?" Yun ordered Diao Chan to take up the hardwood clappers and softly sing a song. It was a case of:

[edit] 18

The center of her closed mouth is painted like a small cherry; when she opens her crimson lips, the song White Snow on a Warm Spring Day[8] emerges from between two rows of teeth, which are like shards of white jade.
She sticks out her lilac-shaped tongue; it is like a pure steel straight sword, cutting bad men in half, and throwing the officials at court into a tizzy.

[edit] 19

     Zhuo could not compliment her performance enough. Yun ordered Diao Chan to serve Zhuo wine. Holding his cup, Zhuo asked, "How old are you?" Diao Chan answered, "I'm 28 years old." Zhuo smiled and said, "What an angel you are!" Yun stood up and said, "Senior Grand Tutor, I would like to offer this girl to you as a gift, but I don't know whether you would be willing to take her. What do you think?" Zhuo said, "Such a generous gift; how can I ever repay such a favor?" Yun said, "Why Senior Grand Tutor, the mere fact that this girl can be of service to you is no small compensation." Zhuo thanked him profusely. Yun ordered for a carriage with felt canopy to be prepared. He would see to it that Diao Chan was sent ahead to the chancellor's residence. Dong Zhuo then rose to take his leave. Yun personally escorted Dong Zhuo to his residence, before turning back. He rode his horse about halfway home, when he suddenly saw two rows of red lanterns lighting up the road. It was Lü Bu, riding his horse while holding a halberd in his hand. The minute he came within reach of Wang Yun, he brought his horse to a halt, grabbed Wang Yun by the lapels, and asked in a shrill voice, "Minister over the Masses, seeing as you had already promised Diao Chan to me, what kind of game are you playing by sending her to be with the Senior Grand Tutor?" Yun hurriedly stopped him, saying, "This is not the place to talk. Please follow me back to my house."

[edit] 20

     Bu followed Yun to Yun's residence, dismounted from his horse, and entered into the rear hall. After exchanging formalities, Yun said, "General, how can you blame me?" Bu said, "Someone reported to me that you had sent Diao Chan to the prime minister's residence in a carriage with a felt canopy. Why did you do that?" Yun said, "I guess you haven't heard. Yesterday, when we were at court, the Senior Grand Tutor said to me, 'I would like to come to your house to discuss a matter with you.' So, I got things ready, and awaited the arrival of the Senior Grand Tutor. While we were drinking, he told me, 'I hear that you have a daughter named Diao Chan, and that she has been promised to my son Fengxian. I was afraid that you might not give your consent, so I especially came here to negotiate with you. I would also like to take a look at her.' I did not dare refuse, and brought out Diao Chan so that she could greet her future father-in-law. The Senior Grand Tutor said, 'Today is an auspicious day. I should take this girl home with me, so that she can be with Fengxian.' General, please think about it for a minute; the Senior Grand Tutor came here personally. How I could I stop him?" Bu said, "Minister over the Masses, I don't fault you. This was a misunderstanding on my part. I will make it up to you at a later date." Yun said, "My daughter has some personal effects; I will arrange for her things to be delivered to your residence in a few days."

[edit] 21

     Bu thanked him and left. The following day, Lü Bu made enquiries at the chancellor's residence, but could not get any information. So, Bu walked straight into one of the main rooms, and asked a servant girl about it. The servant girl said, "Last night, the Senior Grand Tutor shared his bed with a new bride, and has still not risen." Bu was furious, and snuck into the rear of Zhuo's bed chamber in order to take a look. At this point, Diao Chan had already arisen, and was combing her hair by the window; suddenly, in the pool outside of the window, she saw the reflection of a man, large and imposing, and wearing a cap made out of braided gold and silk, with long pheasant feathers on either side. She stole a glance. It was Lü Bu. Diao Chan knitted her eyebrows; she seemed as if she were worried and unhappy. She was frequently wiping the tears from her eyes with a silk handkerchief. Lü Bu spied on her for a longtime before leaving. After a short while, he came back in. By then, Zhuo was already seated in the central hall. When he saw Bu coming, he asked him, "There's nothing going on outside, is there?" Bu replied, "No, nothing." Then, he took his place at Zhuo's side. Zhuo had just started eating, when Bu began stealing glances at the girl pacing back and forth behind the embroidered curtains. She was in silhouette, but he could see the desire in her eyes. Bu knew that it was Diao Chan, and was losing his composure. Zhuo saw Bu in this state, and became suspicious and jealous, saying, "Fengxian, if there is nothing else, you are dismissed." Bu sullenly walked out.

[edit] 22

     Ever since bringing Diao Chan home, Dong Zhuo became obsessed with sex. It was more than a month before he emerged to attend to matters. When Zhuo suddenly came down with a minor illness, Diao Chan attended to him around the clock, going out of her way to accommodate him. This pleased Zhuo even more. Lü Bu came in to see how he was doing, but Zhuo was sleeping just then. Diao Chan leaned over from behind the bed and gazed at Bu. She gestured to her heart with her hand, then pointed to Dong Zhuo, tears streaming down her face. Bu's heart was crushed. Through half-closed eyes, Zhuo saw Bu staring behind the bed. Bu was fixated on something. When he turned around to see what it was, Zhuo saw Diao Chan standing behind the bed. Zhuo was furious, and began to scold Bu, "How dare you flirt with my beloved consort!" He ordered his attendants to make Bu leave, saying, "From now on, you are not allowed into this room!"

[edit] 23

     Lü Bu set out for home with hatred and bitterness in his heart. Along the way, he ran into Li Ru, and told him what had happened. Ru hastily went in to see Zhuo, saying, "Senior Grand Tutor, you will soon rule over the entire empire, why did you rebuke the Marquis of Wen over a minor slight? If he has a change of heart, all could be lost." Zhuo said, "What can I do?" Ru said, "Tomorrow morning, summon him here and offer him gifts of gold and silk. You must sooth his bruised ego with kind words. If you do that, there won't be a problem." Zhuo did as he was told. The following day, he had someone summon Bu to his chamber. He then struck a conciliatory tone, saying, "The other day, I was sick and out of sorts. If I said things that hurt you, please don't take it to heart." He then gave him a gift of ten catties of gold and 20 bolts of brocade silk.[9] Bu thanked him and left. And though his body went with Zhuo's attendants, his heart remained behind with Diao Chan.

[edit] 24

     Having recovered from his illness, Dong Zhuo attended court in order to discuss official business. Bu was at his side, halberd in hand; when he saw Zhuo speaking with Emperor Xian, he seized the opportunity to exit via the inner gate with his halberd. He mounted his horse, and rode straight to the chancellor's residence. Tying his horse up at the front of the residence, he entered the rear chamber to look for Diao Chan, taking his halberd with him. Chan said, "Go to the rear courtyard, and wait for me by the Fengyi Pavilion." Bu took his halberd, and went straight there. He stood by a winding handrail beneath the pavilion. After a while, Diao Chan came out, gracefully making her way through the flowers and willow trees. She was as lovely as the fairy maidens who live in the moon. Crying, she said to Bu, "Even though I am not Minister over the Masses Wang's biological daughter, I never-the-less treat him as if he were my own father. General, ever since meeting you and being granted permission to become your wife, I felt that my life was complete. Who knew that the Senior Grand Tutor would harbor immoral thoughts, and defile me as his concubine. I hate the fact that I cannot die. It is only because I wanted to say goodbye to you, that I have endured this humiliation in order to remain alive. Now that I have been fortunate enough to see you today, I wish to end my life. My body has already been sullied, so I am no longer able to be of service to you; I wish to die in front of you, in order to demonstrate my faithfulness to you!" Having finished speaking, she took a hold of the winding handrail, and prepared to jump into the lotus covered pond. Lü Bu rushed to grab her, and with tears in his eyes, said, "I have known your heart for quite some time! I regret that I have been unable to speak with you!" Diao Chan pulled on Bu, saying, "If I cannot be your wife in this life, I would like to meet with you again in the next." Bu said, "If I cannot make you my wife in this life, then I am not a hero." Chan said, "Days wear on like years for me. I wish you would take pity on me, and rescue me." Bu said, "I stole a moment to come and see you today, but am afraid that the old geezer may grow suspicious. I must return to him at once." Diao Chan pulled on his clothing, saying, "If you are this scared of the old geezer, there is no hope for me at all!"

[edit] 25

     Bu stood still, and said, "Allow me to come up with a good plan." After he finished speaking, he grabbed his halberd and began to leave. Diao Chan said, "Even from the sheltered confines of the women's quarters, I knew your name quite well. Being so well known, I assumed that you were one of a kind in this world; who knew that you could be manipulated by others!" Having finished speaking, tears began streaming down her face like rain. Bu's face was filled with shame. He leaned his halberd against the railing, and turned around to embrace Diao Chan. He tried his best to console her with comforting words. The two held each other tightly, and did not want to part from each other.

[edit] 26

     Let us now turn to Dong Zhuo, who was at the palace. When he turned around and didn't see Lü Bu, he became suspicious, and hastily took his leave of Emperor Xian. He got into his carriage, and returned to his residence; when he arrived, he saw that Bu's horse was tied up out front, so he asked the gate guard. The guard responded, "Marquis of Wen went into the rear chamber." Zhuo dismissed his attendants, and strode into the rear chamber, but could not find her; he called out to Diao Chan, but Chan did not appear, so he frantically asked a servant girl. The servant girl said, "Diao Chan is in the rear courtyard, looking at flowers."

[edit] 27

     When Zhuo entered the rear courtyard to look for her, he saw Lü Bu and Diao Chan talking with each other near the Fengyi Pavilion, Bu's halberd leaning against a rail. Zhuo became enraged, and yelled out. Bu saw that Zhuo had arrived, and was startled. He turned around to leave. Zhuo grabbed Bu's painted halberd, and began chasing after Bu. Bu was a fast runner, and Dong Zhuo was too fat to catch up with him. He threw the halberd like a spear in order to strike at Bu. Bu fended off the halberd with his hand, causing it to fall to the ground. Zhuo picked up the halberd, and again began to chase after him, but Bu was too far away by now. Zhuo was running out of the gates to courtyard, when someone running the other way collided with Zhuo's torso, causing Zhuo to fall to the ground. It was a case of:


He was steaming to the heavens with anger, when suddenly his fat body lay in a pile on the ground.


     Don't know who the man was? Keep reading, and all will be explained.


Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong
Chapter 8
Minister over the Masses Wang skillfully employs the concept of interlinked stratagems;[1] Senior Grand Tutor Dong blows his stack at Fengyi Pavilion.

[edit] Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 One of the Thirty-Six Stratagems. Namely, in important matters, one should use several stratagems applied simultaneously after another as in a chain of stratagems. Keep different plans operating in an overall scheme; however, in this manner if any one strategy fails, then the chain breaks and the whole scheme fails.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Between Wuhu and Nanjing, the Yangtze River flows north to south. The east side of the river is on the southern bank.
  3. One li was approximately 415.8 meters, 250 li would have been 103.95 km (~64.5915 miles).
  4. The Guangmen Gate is the northwest gate of the city of Chang'an
  5. Diao Chan is being compared to Empress Zhao Feiyan, who lived in Zhaoyang Palace, and was reknown for her beauty and grace. She was also said to be a skilled dancer.
  6. the yan in Empress Zhao Feiyan's name means "swallow," hence the allusions to birds.
  7. King Xiangqing of Chu was reknown for his womanizing ways.
  8. White Snow on a Warm Spring Day, composed in the state of Chu during the Warring States Period, was considered to be refined and extremely difficult to sing.
  9. One catty is equal to 220 grams, ten catties is equal to 2.2 kilograms (~4.85012 pounds).
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