The Outline of History
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The Outline of History (1920)
by H.G. Wells
by H.G. Wells
4377650The Outline of History1920H.G. Wells
THE OUTLINE OF
HISTORY
Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind
BY
WRITTEN WITH THE ADVICE AND EDITORIAL HELP OF
MR. ERNEST BARKER,
SIR H. H. JOHNSTON, SIR E. RAY LANKESTER
AND PROFESSOR GILBERT MURRAY
AND ILLUSTRATED BY
Volume I
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1920
All rights reserved
Copyright, 1920,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Copyright, 1920,
By H. G. WELLS.
Set up and electrotyped. Published November, 1920.
Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
SCHEME OF CONTENTS
BOOK I THE MAKING OF OUR WORLD PAGE - Chapter I. The Earth in Space and Time................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3 - Chapter II. The Record of the Rocks
§ 1. The first living things................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 § 2. How old is the world?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 - Chapter III. Natural Selection and the Changes of Species................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16 - Chapter IV. The Invasion of the Dry Land by Life
§ 1. Life and water................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23 § 2. The earliest animals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25 - Chapter V. Changes in the Worlds's Climate
§ 1. Why life must change continually................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29 § 2. The sun a steadfast star................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34 § 3. Changes from within the earth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................35 § 4. Life may control change................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36 - Chapter VI. The Age of Reptiles
§ 1. The age of lowland life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38 § 2. Flying dragons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 § 3. The first birds................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 § 4. An age of hardship and death................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................44 § 5. The first appearance of fur and feathers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................47 - Chapter VII. The Age of Mammals
§ 1. A new age of life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 § 2. Tradition comes into the world................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................52 § 3. An age of brain growth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56 § 4. The world grows hard again................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57 § 5. Chronology of the Ice Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 BOOK II THE MAKING OF MEN - Chapter VIII. The Ancestry of Man
§ 1. Man descended from a walking ape................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................62 § 2. First traces of man-like creatures................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68 § 3. The Heidelberg sub-man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69 § 4. The Piltdown sub-man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70 § 5. The riddle of the Piltdown remains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72 - Chapter IX. The Neanderthal Men, an Extinct Race. (The Early Palæolithic Age)
§ 1. The world 50,000 years ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75 § 2. The daily life of the first men................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79 § 3. The last Palæolithic men................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84 - Chapter X. The Later Postglacial Palæolithic Men, the First True Men. (Later Palæolithic Age)
§ 1. The coming of men like ourselves................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86 § 2. Subdivision of the Later Palæolithic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95 § 3. The earliest true men were clever savages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................98 § 4. Hunters give place to herdsmen................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................101 § 5. No sub-men in America................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................102 - Chapter XI. Neolithic Man in Europe
§ 1. The age of cultivation begins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................104 § 2. Where did the Neolithic culture arise?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108 § 3. Everyday Neolithic life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................109 § 4. How did sowing begin?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................116 § 5. Primitive trade................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118 § 6. The flooding of the Mediterranean Valley................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................118 - Chapter XII. Early Thought
§ 1. Primitive philosophy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................122 § 2. The Old Man in religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................125 § 3. Fear and hope in religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126 § 4. Stars and seasons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127 § 5. Story-telling and myth-making................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129 § 6. Complex origins of religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130 - Chapter XIII. The Races of Mankind
§ 1. Is mankind still differentiating?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................136 § 2. The main races of mankind................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................140 § 3. Was there an Alpine race?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142 § 4. The Heliolithic culture of the Brunet peoples................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................146 § 5. How existing races may be related to each other................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148 - Chapter XIV. The Languages of Mankind
§ 1. No one primitive language................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................150 § 2. The Aryan languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................151 § 3. The Semitic languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153 § 4. The Hamitic languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................154 § 5. The Ural-Altaic languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................156 § 6. The Chinese languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157 § 7. Other language groups................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................157 § 8. Submerged and lost languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................161 § 9. How languages may be related................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................163 BOOK III THE DAWN OF HISTORY - Chapter XV. The Aryan-Speaking Peoples in Prehistoric Times
§ 1. The spreading of the Aryan-speakers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 § 2. Primitive Aryan life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169 § 3. Early Aryan daily life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................176 - Chapter XVI. The First Civilizations
§ 1. Early cities and early nomads................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................183 § 2a. The riddle of the Sumerians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................188 § 2b. The empire of Sargon the First................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191 § 2c. The empire of Hammurabi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191 § 2d. The Assyrians and their empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................192 § 2e. The Chaldean empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194 § 3. The early history of Egypt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................195 § 4. The early civilization of India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201 § 5. The early history of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................201 § 6. While the civilizations were growing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................206 - Chapter XVII. Sea Peoples and Trading Peoples
§ 1. The earliest ships and sailors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................209 § 2. The Ægean cities before history................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213 § 3. The first voyages of exploration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................217 § 4. Early traders................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218 § 5. Early travellers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................220 - Chapter XVIII. Writing
§ 1. Picture writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................223 § 2. Syllable writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................227 § 3. Alphabet writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228 § 4. The place of writing in human life................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................229 - Chapter XIX. Gods and Stars, Priests and Kings
§ 1. Nomadic and settled religion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232 § 2. The priest comes into history................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................234 § 3. Priests and the stars................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................238 § 4. Priests and the dawn of learning................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................240 § 5. King against priests................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................241 § 6. How Bel-Marduk struggled against the kings................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................245 § 7. The god-kings of Egypt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248 § 8. Shi Hwang-ti destroys the books................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................252 - Chapter XX. Serfs, Slaves, Social Classes, and Free Individuals
§ 1. The common man in ancient times................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254 § 2. The earliest slaves................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................256 § 3. The first "independent" persons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259 § 4. Social classes three thousand years ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................262 § 5. Classes hardening into castes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................266 § 6. Caste in India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................268 § 7. The system of the Mandarins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................270 § 8. A summary of five thousand years................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................272 BOOK IV JUDEA, GREECE, AND INDIA - Chapter XXI. The Hebrew Scriptures and the Prophets
§ 1. The place of the Israelites in history................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................277 § 2. Saul, David, and Solomon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................286 § 3. The Jews a people of mixed origin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................292 § 4. The importance of the Hebrew prophets................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294 - Chapter XXII. The Greeks and the Persians
§ 1. The Hellenic peoples................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................298 § 2. Distinctive features of the Hellenic civilization................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................304 § 3. Monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy in Greece................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307 § 4. The kingdom of Lydia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................315 § 5. The rise of the Persians in the East................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................316 § 6. The story of Crœsus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................320 § 7. Darius invades Russia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................326 § 8. The battle of Marathon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................332 § 9. Thermopylæ and Salamis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................334 § 10. Platæa and Mycale................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................340 - Chapter XXIII. Greek Thought and Literature
§ 1. The Athens of Pericles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................343 § 2. Socrates................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................350 § 3. What was the quality of the common Athenians?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................352 § 4. Greek tragedy and comedy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354 § 5. Plato and the Academy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................355 § 6. Aristotle and the Lyceum................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................357 § 7. Philosophy becomes unworldly................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................359 § 8. The quality and limitations of Greek thought................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360 - Chapter XXIV. The Career of Alexander the Great
§ 1. Philip of Macedonia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................367 § 2. The murder of King Philip................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373 § 3. Alexander's first conquests................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377 § 4. The wanderings of Alexander................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................385 § 5. Was Alexander indeed great?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................389 § 6. The successors of Alexander................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................395 § 7. Pergamum a refuge of culture................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................396 § 8. Alexander as a portent of world unity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................397 - Chapter XXV. Science and Religion at Alexandria
§ 1. The science of Alexandria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................401 § 2. Philosophy of Alexandria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................410 § 3. Alexandria as a factory of religions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................410 - Chapter XXVI. The Rise and Spread of Buddhism
§ 1. The story of Gautama................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................415 § 2. Teaching and legend in conflict................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................421 § 3. The gospel of Gautama Buddha................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................422 § 4. Buddhism and Asoka................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426 § 5. Two great Chinese teachers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433 § 6. The corruptions of Buddhism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................438 § 7. The present range of Buddhism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................440 BOOK V THE RISE AND COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE - Chapter XXVII. The Two Western Republics
§ 1. The beginnings of the Latin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................445 § 2. A new sort of state................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................454 § 3. The Carthaginian republic of rich men................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................466 § 4. The First Punic War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................467 § 5. Cato the Elder and the spirit of Cato................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................471 § 6. The Second Punic War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475 § 7. The Third Punic War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................480 § 8. How the Punic War undermined Roman liberty................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................485 § 9. Comparison of the Roman republic with a modern state................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486 - Chapter XXVIII. From Tiberius Gracchus to the God Emperor in Rome
§ 1. The science of thwarting the common man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................493 § 2. Finance in the Roman state................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................496 § 3. The last years of republican politics................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499 § 4. The era of the adventurer generals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................505 § 5. Caius Julius Cæsar and his death................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................509 § 6. The end of the republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513 § 7. Why the Roman republic failed................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................516 - Chapter XXIX. The Cæsars between the Sea and the Great Plains of the Old World
§ §1. A short catalogue of emperors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................522 § 2. Roman civilization at its zenith................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................529 § 3. Limitations of the Roman mind................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................539 § 4. The stir of the great plains................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................541 § 5. The Western (true Roman) Empire crumples up................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................552 § 6. The Eastern (revived Hellenic) Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................560 BOOK VI CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM - Chapter XXX. The Beginnings, the Rise, and the Divisions of Christianity
§ 1. Judea at the Christian era................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................569 § 2. The teachings of Jesus of Nazareth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................573 § 3. The universal religions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................582 § 4. The crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................584 § 5. Doctrines added to the teachings of Jesus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586 § 6. The struggles and persecutions of Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594 § 7. Constantine the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................598 § 8. The establishment of official Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................601 § 9. The map of Europe, a.d. 500................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................605 § 10. The salvation of learning by Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................609 - Chapter XXXI. Seven Centuries in Asia (circa 50 B.C. to A.D. 650)
§ 1. Justinian the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................614 § 2. The Sassanid Empire in Persia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................616 § 3. The decay of Syria under the Sassanids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................619 § 4. The first message from Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................623 § 5. Zoroaster and Mani................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................624 § 6. Hunnish peoples in Central Asia and India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................627 § 7. The great age of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................630 § 8. Intellectual fetters of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................635 § 9. The travels of Yuan Chwang................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................642
SCHEME OF CONTENTS
BOOK VI (Continued) PAGE - Chapter XXXII. Muhammad and Arab Islam
§ 1. Arabia before Muhammad................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 § 2. Life of Muhammad to the Hegira................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 § 3. Muhammad becomes a fighting prophet................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 § 4. The teachings of Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14 § 5. The caliphs Abu Bekr and Omar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 § 6. The great days of the Omayyads................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22 § 7. The decay of Islam under the Abbasids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31 § 8. The intellectual life of Arab Islam................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34 - Chapter XXXIII. Christendom and the Crusades
§ 1. The Western world at its lowest ebb................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40 § 2. The feudal system................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42 § 3. The Frankish kingdom of the Merovingians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................46 § 4. The Christianization of the western barbarians................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................48 § 5. Charlemagne becomes emperor of the West................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 § 6. The personality of Charlemagne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59 § 7. The French and the Germans become distinct................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................61 § 8. The Normans, the Saracens, the Hungarians, and the Seljuk Turks................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64 § 9. How Constantinople appealed to Rome................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................72 § 10. The Crusades................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76 § 11. The Crusades a test of Christianity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84 § 12. The Emperor Frederick II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................86 § 13. Defects and limitations of the papacy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................90 § 14. A list of leading Popes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96 BOOK VII THE GREAT MONGOL EMPIRES OF THE LAND WAYS
AND THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE SEA WAYS- Chapter XXXIV. The Great Empire of Jengis Khan and his Successors
§ 1. Asia at the end of the twelfth century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................105 § 2. The rise and victories of the Mongols................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................108 § 3. The travels of Marco Polo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114 § 4. The Ottoman Turks, the Turkish Caliph, and Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................120 § 5. Why the Mongols were not Christianized................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................126 § 5a. Kublai Khan founds the Yuan dynasty................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127 § 5b. The Mongols revert to tribalism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128 § 5c. The Kipchak empire and the Tsar of Muscovy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................128 § 5d. Timurlane................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................130 § 5e. The Mongol empire of India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................133 § 5f. The Mongols and the Gipsies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................137 - Chapter XXXV. The Renascence of Western Civilization
§ 1. Christianity and popular education................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................139 § 2. Europe begins to think for itself................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................148 § 3. The Great Plague and the dawn of communism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................153 § 4. How paper liberated the human mind................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................158 § 5. Protestantism of the princes and Protestantism of the peoples................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................160 § 6. The reawakening of science................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................167 § 7. The new growth of European towns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................177 § 8. America comes into history................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................184 § 9. What Machiavelli thought of the world................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................194 § 10. The republic of Switzerland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................198 § 11a. The life of the Emperor Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................199 § 11b. Protestants if the prince wills it................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210 § 11c. The intellectual under-tow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................210 BOOK VIII THE AGE OF THE GREAT POWERS - Chapter XXXVI. Princes, Parliaments, and Powers
§ 1. Princes and foreign policy................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................213 § 2. The English republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................218 § 3. The Dutch republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................228 § 4. The break-up and disorder of Germany................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................232 § 5. The splendours of Grand Monarchy in Europe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................236 § 6. The growth of the idea of Great Powers................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................243 § 7. The crowned republic of Poland and its fate................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................248 § 8. The first scramble for empire overseas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................251 § 9. Britain dominates India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................254 § 10. Russia's ride to the Pacific................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259 § 11. What Gibbon thought of the world in 1780................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................262 § 12. The social truce draws to an end................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................269 - Chapter XXXVII. The New Democratic Republics of America and France
§ 1. Inconveniences of the Great Power system................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................278 § 2. The thirteen colonies before their revolt................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................280 § 3. Civil war is forced upon the colonies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................286 § 4. The War of Independence................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................291 § 5. The constitution of the United States................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................294 § 6. Primitive features of the United States constitution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................301 § 7. Revolutionary ideas in France................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................307 § 8. The Revolution of the year 1789................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................311 § 9. The French "crowned republic" of '89–'91................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................313 § 10. The Revolution of the Jacobins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................321 § 11. The Jacobin republic, 1792–4................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................331 § 12. The Directory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................337 § 13. The pause in reconstruction and the dawn of modern Socialism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................339 - Chapter XXXVIII. The Career of Napoleon Bonaparte
§ 1. The Buonaparte family in Corsica................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................348 § 2. Bonaparte as a republican general................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................349 § 3. Napoleon First Consul, 1799–1804................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................354 § 4. Napoleon I Emperor, 1804–1814................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360 § 5. The Hundred Days................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................368 § 6. The cult of the Napoleonic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................373 § 7. The map of Europe in 1815................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377 - Chapter XXXIX. The Realities and Imagination of the Nineteenth Century. The Increase of Knowledge and Clear Thinking. The Nationalist Phase
§ 1. The mechanical revolution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................384 § 2. Relation of the mechanical to the industrial revolution................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................393 § 3. The fermentation of ideas, 1848................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................399 § 4. The development of the idea of Socialism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................401 § 5. Shortcomings of Socialism as a scheme of human society................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................411 § 6. How Darwinism affected religious and political ideas................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................416 § 7. Mr. Gladstone and the idea of Nationalism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................426 § 8. Europe between 1848 and 1878................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................436 § 9. The (second) scramble for overseas empires................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................449 § 10. The Indian precedent in Asia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................461 § 11. The history of Japan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................464 § 12. Close of the period of overseas expansion................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................469 § 13. The British Empire in 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................470 - Chapter XL. The International Catastrophe of 1914 and the Close of the Great Power Period
§ 1. The armed peace before the Great War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475 § 2. Imperial Germany................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................477 § 3. The spirit of Imperialism in Britain and Ireland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................486 § 4. Imperialism in France, Italy, and the Balkans................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................499 § 5. Russia still a Grand Monarchy in 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................502 § 6. The United States and the Imperial idea................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................503 § 7. The immediate causes of the Great War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................508 § 8. A summary of the Great War up to 1917................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................513 § 9. The Great War from the Russian collapse to the armistice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................524 § 10. The political, economic, and social disorganization caused by the Great War................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................532 § 11. President Wilson and the problems of Versailles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................543 § 12. Summary Of the first Covenant of the League of Nations................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................558 § 13. A general outline of the treaties of 1919 and 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................562 § 14. A forecast of the "next war"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................567 § 15. The state of men's minds in 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................572 BOOK IX THE NEXT STAGE IN HISTORY - Chapter XLI. Man's Coming of Age. The Probable Struggle for the Unification of the World into One Community of Knowledge and Will
§ 1. The possible unification of men's wills in political matters................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................579 § 2. How a Federal World Government may come about................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................583 § 3. Some fundamental characteristics of a modern world state................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586 § 4. What this world might be like, were men united in a common peace and justice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................588 § 5. The stages beyond?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594 - Five Time Charts of the World's Affairs from b.c. 1000 to a.d. 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
599 - A Chronological Table from 800 b.c. to a.d. 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
605 - Index................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
625
LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE - Life in the Early Palæozoic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11 - Time-chart from Earliest Life to 40,000,000 Years Ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14 - Life in the Later Palæozoic Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19 - Australian Lung Fish................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
26 - Some Reptiles of the Late Palæozoic Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
27 - Astronomical Variations Affecting Climate................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
33 - Some Mesozoic Reptiles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
40 - Later Mesozoic Reptiles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
42 - Pterodactyls and Archæopteryx................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45 - Hesperornis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
48 - Some Oligocene Mammals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
53 - Miocene Mammals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
58 - Time-diagram of the Glacial Ages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
60 - Early Pleistocene Animals, Contemporary with Earliest Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
64 - The Sub-Man Pithecanthropus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
65 - The Riddle of the Piltdown Sub-Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
71 - Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
77 - Neanderthal Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
78 - Early Stone Implements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
81 - Australia and the Western Pacific in the Glacial Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
82 - Cro-magnon Man................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
87 - Europe and Western Asia in the Later Palæolithic Age................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
89 - Reindeer Age Articles................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
90 - A Reindeer Age Masterpiece................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
93 - Reindeer Age Engravings and Carvings................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
94 - Diagram of the Estimated Duration of the True Human Periods................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
97 - Neolithic Implements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
107 - Restoration of a Lake Dwelling................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
111 - Pottery from Lake Dwellings................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
112 - Hut Urns................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
115 - A Menhir of the Neolithic Period................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
128 - Bronze Age Implements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
132 - Diagram Showing the Duration of the Neolithic Period................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
133 - Heads of Australoid Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
139 - Bushwoman................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
141 - Negro Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
142 - Mongolian Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
143 - Caucasian Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
144 - Map of Europe, Asia, Africa 15,000 Years Ago................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
145 - The Swastika................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
147 - Relationship of Human Races (Diagrammatic Summary)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
149 - Possible Development of Languages................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
155 - Racial Types (after Champollion)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
163 - Combat between Menelaus and Hector................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
176 - Archaic Horses and Chariots................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
178 - The Cradle of Western Civilization................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
185 - Sumerian Warriors in Phalanx................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
189 - Assyrian Warrior (temp. Sargon II)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
193 - Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
196 - The Cradle of Chinese Civilization (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
202 - Boats on Nile about 2500 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
211 - Egyptian Ship on Red Sea, 1250 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
212 - Ægean Civilization (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
214 - A Votary of the Snake Goddess................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
215 - American Indian Picture-Writing................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
225 - Egyptian Gods—Set, Anubis, Typhon, Bes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
236 - Egyptian Gods—Thoth-lunus, Hathor, Chnemu................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
239 - An Assyrian King and His Chief Minister................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
243 - Pharaoh Chephren................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
248 - Pharaoh Rameses III as Osiris (Sarcophagus relief)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
249 - Pharaoh Akhnaton................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
251 - Egyptian Peasants (Pyramid Age)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
257 - Brawl among Egyptian Boatmen (Pyramid Age)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
260 - Egyptian Social Types (From Tombs)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
261 - The Land of the Hebrews................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
280 - Aryan-speaking Peoples 1000-500 B.C. (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
301 - Hellenic Races 1000-800 B.C. (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
302 - Greek Sea Fight, 550 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
303 - Rowers in an Athenian Warship, 400 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
306 - Scythian Types................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
319 - Median and Second Babylonian Empires (in Nebuchadnezzar's Reign)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
321 - The Empire of Darius................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
329 - Wars of the Greeks and Persians (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
333 - Athenian Foot-soldier................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
334 - Persian Body-guard (from Frieze at Susa)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
338 - The World According to Herodotus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
341 - Athene of the Parthenon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
348 - Philip of Macedon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
368 - Growth of Macedonia under Philip................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
371 - Macedonian Warrior (bas-relief from Pella)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
373 - Campaigns of Alexander the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
381 - Alexander the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
389 - Break-up of Alexander's Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
393 - Seleucus I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
395 - Later State of Alexander's Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
398 - The World According to Eratosthenes, 200 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
405 - The Known World, about 250 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
406 - Isis and Horus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
413 - Serapis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
414 - The Rise of Buddhism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
419 - Hariti................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
428 - Chinese Image of Kuan-yin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
429 - The Spread of Buddhism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
432 - Indian Gods—Vishnu, Brahma, Siva................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
437 - Indian Gods—Krishna, Kali, Ganesa................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
439 - The Western Mediterranean, 800-600 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
446 - Early Latium................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
447 - Burning the Dead: Etruscan Ceremony................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
449 - Statuette of a Gaul................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
450 - Roman Power after the Samnite Wars................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
451 - Samnite Warriors................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
452 - Italy after 275 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
453 - Roman Coin Celebrating the Victory over Pyrrhus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
455 - Mercury................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
457 - Carthaginian Coins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
468 - Roman As................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
471 - Rome and its Alliances, 150 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
481 - Gladiators................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
489 - Roman Power, 50 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
506 - Julius Cæsar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
512 - Roman Empire at Death of Augustus................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
518 - Roman Empire in Time of Trajan................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
524 - Asia and Europe: Life of the Period (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
544 - Central Asia, 200-100 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
547 - Tracks of Migrating and Raiding Peoples, 1-700 A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
555 - Eastern Roman Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
561 - Constantinople (Maps to show value of its position)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
563 - Galilee................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
571 - Map of Europe, 500 A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
608 - The Eastern Empire and the Sassanids................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
620 - Asia Minor, Syria, and Mesopotamia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
622 - Ephthalite Coin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
629 - Chinese Empire, Tang Dynasty................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
633 - Yuan Chwang's Route from China to India................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
643
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE - Arabia and Adjacent Countries................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2 - The Beginnings of Moslem Power................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19 - The Growth of Moslem Power in 25 Years................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23 - The Moslem Empire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25 - Europe, 500 A.D.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
44 - Frankish Dominions in the Time of Charles Martel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
45 - England, 640 A.D................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
49 - England, 878 A.D................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
52 - Europe at the Death of Charlemagne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
55 - France at the Close of the 10th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
65 - Empire of Otto the Great................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
68 - The Coming of the Seljuks (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
70 - The First Crusade (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
77 - Europe and Asia, 1200................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
107 - Empire of Jengis Khan, 1227................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
111 - Travels of Marco Polo................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
115 - Ottoman Empire before 1453................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
123 - Ottoman Empire, 1566................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
125 - Empire of Timurlane................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
131 - Europe at the Fall of Constantinople................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
141 - "We have the payne...." John Bull's Speech................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
155 - Ignatius of Loyola................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
164 - European Trade Routes in the 14th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
183 - The Chief Voyages of Exploration up to 1522................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
191 - Mexico and Peru................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
192 - Switzerland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
198 - Europe in the Time of Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
201 - Martin Luther................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
203 - Francis I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
294 - Henry VIII................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
206 - Charles V................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
207 - Central Europe, 1648................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
233 - Louis XIV................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
237 - The Partitions of Poland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
250 - Britain, France, and Spain in America, 1750................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
255 - Chief Foreign Settlements in India, 17th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
256 - India in 1750................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
260 - American Colonies, 1760................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
283 - Boston in 1775................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
292 - The United States in 1790................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
295 - The United States Showing Dates of the Chief Territorial Extensions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
299 - Benjamin Franklin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
303 - George Washington................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
304 - The Flight to Varennes (Map)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
322 - North Eastern Frontier of France, 1792................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
330 - Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
352 - Napoleon as Emperor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
360 - Tsar Alexander I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
362 - Napoleon's Empire, 1810................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
365 - The Trail of Napoleon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
369 - Europe after the Congress of Vienna................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
379 - The Natural Political Map of Europe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
383 - Mr. Gladstone................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
427 - Tribal Gods of the 19th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
434 - Map of Europe, 1848–1871................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
439 - Italy, 1861................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
441 - Bismarck................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
443 - The Balkans, 1878................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
448 - Comparative Maps of Asia under Different Projections................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
450 - The British Empire in 1815................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
452 - Africa in the Middle of 19th Century................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
458 - Africa, 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
459 - Japan and the East Coast of Asia................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
468 - Overseas Empires of European Powers, 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
474 - Emperor William II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
482 - Ireland................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
491 - The Balkan States, 1913................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
501 - The Original German Plan, 1914................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
514 - The Western Front, 1915–18................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
517 - Time Chart of the Great War, 1914–18................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
528–29 - President Wilson................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
551 - M. Clemenceau................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
552 - Mr. Lloyd George................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
553 - Germany after the Peace Treaty, 1919................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
561 - The Turkish Treaty, 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
563 - The Break-up of Austria-Hungary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
565 - Time-chart 1000 B.C.–300 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
599 - Time-chart 400 B.C.–A.D. 300................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
600 - Time-chart A.D. 200–A.D. 900................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
601 - Time-chart A.D. 800–A.D. 1500................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
602 - Time-chart A.D. 1220–A.D. 1920................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
603
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