An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/T (full text)

by Friedrich Kluge

T.

Tabak, m., ‘tobacco,’ ModHG. only; orig. an American word (like Kartoffel), now found in all modern languages; comp. Du. tabak, E. tobacco, Fr. tabac, Ital. tabacco, Span. tabaco; ‘properly the roll through which the smoke of the prepared plant was imbibed.’

Tadel, m., ‘blame, censure, reproof,’ from MidHG. tadel, m. and n., ‘fault, stain, defect (bodily or mental). The word is recorded at a remarkably late period — the end of the 12th cent. — but this, of course, does not prove that it was borrowed. The Teut. root daþ (dad?) contained in it has been compared, probably without just grounds, with Gr. τωθάω (root dhôdh), ‘to deride, mock.’

Tafel, f., ‘table, tablet, slab,’ from MidHG. tavel, tavele, f., ‘tablet, picture, table,’ OHG. tavala (tabala, tabella), f., ‘tablet’; borrowed during the OHG. period from Lat. tabula, tabella. Even in the pre-HG. period Lat. tabula passed into HG. and was normally permutated; comp. OHG. zabal, MidHG. zabel (see Schach). It corresponds to the Romance cognates, Ital. tavola, ‘table, tablet, board, picture, Fr. table (E. table). —

Tafelrunde, f., ‘Round Table,’ like the equiv. MidHG. tavelrande (especially of King Arthur); an imitation of Fr. table ronde.

Tag, m., ‘day, daylight,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tac (g), m.; common to Teut. in the form dago-; comp. Goth. dags, OIc. dagr, AS. dœg, E. day (also to dawn), Du. and OSax. dag. This specifically Teut. word represents the stem, almost obsolete in Teut., of the equiv. Lat. dies, Sans. dina, OSlov. dī̆nī̆ (Goth. sin-teins, ‘daily,’ see Sündflut). To explain Teut. dago- (to which AS. dôgor, OIc. dœ́gr, from dôgoz, dôgiz, are allied), it has been connected with the Sans. root dah (for Aryan dhē̆gh, dhō̆gh?), ‘to burn’; this appears further in Lith. dègti, ‘to burn,’ dágas, dagà, ‘harvest’ (also in Sans. áhar, n., ‘day’?). Hence the base dhógho-s, common to G. Tag and Lith. dágas, means perhaps ‘the hot period of the day or year’ (comp. Ostern as a proof that names for periods of the day and year may be identical). Tag in G. denoted originally only the light period of the day; the day of twenty-four hours was called Nacht. —

täglich, adj. and adv. ‘daily,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tagelîch (tegelîch), adj., tagelichen (tege-lîches), adv., OHG. tagalîh, adj., tagalîhhin, tagolîhhes, adv. The adj. has been formed from the adv., which is again a combination of two words, as in the phrase (allaro) tago gilîh (hes); for gilîh in the sense of ‘every,’ see männiglich; tago gilîhhes (lit. ‘on each of the days’) is an adverb genit. like OHG., MidHG., and ModHG. des tages. See further verteidigen.

Takel, n., ‘tackle,’ ModHG. only, adopted, like many nautical terms, from LG.; comp. the equiv. Du. takel, E. tackle, Dan. takkel, Swed. takel. The literal meaning of this, which is peculiar to maritime dialects, was ‘implements (in general),’ which leads to kinship with Goth. taujan, ‘to make’ (comp. tooijen, ‘to adorn,’ E. tool).

Talg, m., ‘tallow,’ ModHG. only, from LG. (talg), hence unknown to Swab. and Bav.; allied to Du. talk, AS. *tealg, E. tallow, OIc. tolgr. Teut. talgo- (tolgo-) cannot be traced farther back; yet note AS. tœlg, ‘colour’ (see Seife). It is scarcely connected with Goth. tulgus, ‘firm’ (Talg, lit. ‘that which has become solid’?). The proper HG. (UpG.) word is Unschlitt.

Tand, m., ‘toy, trifle, bauble,’ from MidHG. tant, m., ‘idle talk, tricks’ (to which MidHG. tanten, ‘to play a practical joke,’ is allied). —

Tändelei, f., ‘toying, trifling, dawdling,’ ModHG. only, is a derivative of Tand (in MidHG. once only tenterîe). In OHG. only a corresponding tantarôn, ‘to be mentally perplexed,’ is recorded. No further light can be thrown on the HG. stem tant.

Tang, m., ‘sea-weed,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. Scand. þang (Dan. tang), whence also E. tang, tangle.

Tann, m., see the following word.

Tanne, f., ‘fir tree,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tanne, f., OHG. tanna, signifies ‘fir tree, oak,’ hence the primary idea of the word is usually ‘forest tree’ (see Eiche, Buche). This is supported by ModHG. Tann, m., from MidHG. tan (nn), m. and n., ‘forest’' (OHG. tan-ęsil, ‘wild ass’), which seems to be based on a collective signification of Tanne. The early history of the HG. cognates (to which ODu. dęnnia, Du. den, ‘fir tree,’ is allied) is uncertain. Its connection with Gr. θάμνος, ‘thicket,’ is dubious.

Tante, f., ‘aunt,’ ModHG. only, formed from Fr. tante; for the genuine G. words preserved dialectically see Base and Muhme.

Tanz, m., ‘dance, ball,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tanz, m., to which MidHG. and ModHG. tanzen is allied. The word was first adopted in the 11th cent. In OHG. the verbs were salzôn (which, like AS. sealtian, was borrowed at an early period from Lat. saltâre), and the genuine Teut. tûmôn and leihhan (comp. Leich). The late appearance of MidHG. tanzen tends to show that it is a loan-word; it is based on the equiv. Romance cognates, Ital. danzare (Fr. danser, whence E. to dance, and Du. dansen). It is true that, considering the late period at which it was borrowed, the HG. t compared to Ital. d is abnormal. The Romance cognates are themselves of Teut. origin, which has been sought in OHG. dansôn, ‘to draw’ (allied to Goth. þinsan; see gedunsen).

tapfer, adj., ‘brave, variant, bold,’ from MidHG. tapfer (dapfer, tapfel), ‘firm, pressed, full, weighty, important’ (only in late MidHG. brave), OHG. tapfar, ‘heavy, weighty, important’; comp. Du. dapper, ‘brave, much,’ E. dapper. The connection in meaning with OSlov. doblĭ, ‘strong, able,’ debelŭ, ‘stout,’ and dobrŭ, ‘beautiful, good,’ is quite clear, but it is difficult to show how it is related to the corresponding OIc. dapr, ‘sad’; note, however, ModHG. dreist, ‘bold, audacious,’ OHG. drîsti, OLG. thrîsti, compared with Lat. trîstis.

Tappe, f. (in Swab. and Alem. Dopen, m.), ‘claw, paw,’ from the equiv. MidHG. *tā̆ppe (only tâpe is recorded), f.; origin and early history obscure. To this is allied ModHG. täppisch, adj., ‘awkward, clumsy,’ since MidHG. tappe (tâpe) occurs also as ‘uncouth, loutish person’; hence also ModHG. tappen, vb., ‘to flounder along, grope one's way,’ lit. ‘to behave awkwardly.

Tarnkappe, f., ‘magic cap,’ see Kappe; the first component is OTeut. darni, ‘secret,’ OHG. tarni, AS. dyrne. To this MidE. dâren, ‘to conceal oneself,’ is allied.

Tasche, f., ‘pocket, pouch, wallet,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tasche (tęsche), OHG. tasca, f. An obscure word, the relation of which to the equiv. Romance cognate Ital. tasca cannot be defined. The ‘origin of the word and the history of its further diffusion is unknown.

Tasse, f., ‘cup,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. tasse (comp. Ital. tazza, from Arab. tassah, ‘bowl’).

tasten, vb., ‘to touch, fumble, grope,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tasten, wk. vb. Borrowed about 1200 A.D. from the Romance cognate Ital. tastare (Fr. tâter), ‘to feel, fumble,’ which is based on a Lat. *taxitare (allied to late Lat. taxare, ‘to touch sharply’).

Tatze, f., ‘paw, claw,’ from MidHG. tatze, f., ‘hand, paw.’ The origin and history of this word, which cannot be traced farther back, are obscure.

Tau (1.), n. (unknown to Swab. and Bav.), ‘rope, cable,’ ModHG. only; properly a LG. word, based on OIc. taug, ‘cord, rope’ (whence E. tow, Du. touw). The latter is connected with the Teut. root tuh (tang), in ModHG. ziehen. From the LG. word Fr. touer, ‘to tow a ship,’ is derived. For the words borrowed by HG. from LG. see Strand, Boot, &c.

Tau (2.), m., ‘dew,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tou (gen. touwes), n. (MidG. also, m.); corresponding to the equiv. OSax. dau, Du. dauw, AS. deáw, E. dew, OIc. dǫgg (Goth. *daggwa is wanting), whence E. (dial.) dag. Teut. dauwo-, from pre-Teut. dháwo-, is generally connected with the Sans. root dhā̆v, ‘to run, flow, stream.’

taub, adj., ‘deaf, torpid,’ from MidHG. and OHG. toup (b), ‘deaf, insensible, stupid, foolish, mad’; corresponding to Goth. daufs (b), ‘callous,’ AS. deáf, E. deaf, and the equiv. Du. doof. Since the meanings of the OHG. and MidHG. adj. border on those of OHG. and MidHG. tump (see dumm), the two words are certainly connected. The assumed relation (see dumm) to the Aryan root dhubh, ‘to be blunt, obtuse, deafened,’ preserved in Gr. τυφλός, ‘blind,’ leads further to toben and its cognates. ModHG. betäuben, ‘to deafen, stun,’ from MidHG. töuben, MidHG. and OHG. touben, wk. vb., ‘to deprive of sensation or strength, to annihilate,’ supports the assumed primary meaning.

Taube, f., ‘dove, pigeon,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tûbe, OHG. tûba, f.; corresponding to the equiv. Goth. dûbô, AS. dûfe, E. dove, Du. duif. This common Teut. term (for which Goth. ahaks, AS. culufre, ‘dove,’ are also found) has been connected with a Teut. root dū̆b, ‘to dive,’ which appears in AS. dŷfan, E. to dive, Taube being regarded as orig. ‘water-dove.’ It is more probably related to OIr. dub, ‘black,’ duibe, ‘blackness’; comp. Gr. πέλεια, ‘wild pigeon,’ from πελοός, ‘dark blue.’

Tauber, m., ‘male pigeon,’ for which tiuber occurs in MidHG.

tauchen, vb., ‘to dip, dive,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tûcken, wk. vb., OHG. tûhhan, str. vb.; comp. Du. duiken, ‘to dive, duck,’ E. to duck (whence also E. duck, AS. dûce); see further ducken. Other terms derived from the Teut. root duk, ‘to stoop, dive,’ are wanting. The connection of the word with taufen is improbable.

Taucher, m., ‘diver’ (bird), from the equiv. MidHG. tûhhœre, OHG. tûhhâri, m.

tauen, vb., ‘to thaw,’ from MidHG. touwen, töuwen, OHG. douwen, dęwen (dôan), wk. vb., ‘to dissolve’; comp. Du. dooijen, AS. þâwan, E. to thaw, OIc. þeyja. With ModHG. Tauwind, m., ‘thaw wind, comp. Du. dooij, E. thaw, OIc. þeyr. If the Teut. root þaw, ‘to dissolve’ (comp. verdauen), exhibited in all these words, has originated in þagw, equiv. to Aryan tē̆q, Gr. τήκω, ‘to melt,’ τακερός, ‘liquid,’ may be counted as cognates. Yet the Teut. words, as well as Osset. t‘ayun, ‘to thaw,’ may point to an Aryan root taw.

Taufe, f., ‘baptism, christening,’ from the equiv. MidHG. toufe, OHG. toufa (toufî), f.; allied to taufen, vb., ‘to baptize, christen,’ MidHG. töufen, toufen, OHG. toufen (from *toufjan). The primary meaning of the vb. is preserved by MidHG. toufen, ‘to dip under,’ which is properly a causative of tief. Goth. daupjan, OLG. dôpian, Du. doopen, exhibit the Christian meaning, which AS. represented by fulwian (fulwiht, ‘baptism’); comp. OIc. kristna, ‘to baptize.’ In its relation to the history of civilisation taufen is as difficult to determine as Heide (which see). It cannot be positively affirmed whether the MidEurop. term daupjan “has been restricted in meaning solely because the Goths, who were first to receive Christianity, rendered the Gr. word βαπτίζειν by the corresponding daupjan; this word, as the designation of the first sacrament, was then adopted from them (with Heide, Kirche, Pfaffe, and Teufel) by the Western Teutons, and was so firmly rooted among the latter that the AS. missionaries could no longer think of supplanting it by their corresponding verb fulwian.” Perhaps, however, the OTeut. daupjan had even in the heathen acquired a ritual sense which fitted it to become the representative of the Christian-Romance baptizare (Ir. baitism).

taugen, vb., ‘to be of use, be good or fit for,’ from MidHG. tugen, OHG. tugan (pres. sing. touc), pret. pres., ‘to be capable, useful, suitable, to be of use, to suit.’ Corresponding to OSax. dugan, ‘to be capable, be of use,’ Du. deugen, ‘to be of use,’ AS. dugan, OIc. duga, Goth. dugan, ‘to be fit, of use’ The Teut. verbal root dug (daug) might, like Lith. daúg, ‘much,’ daúksinti, ‘to increase,’ point to Aryan dhugh (Gr. τύχη, ‘fortune,’ τυγχάνω, ‘I am fortunate’?). To this are allied tüchtig and Tugend.

Taumel, m., ‘reeling, staggering, frenzy,’ from MidHG. tū̆meln (tū̆men, tū̆melieren), ‘to reel, stagger,’ OHG. tûmalôn (tū̆môn), ‘to turn.’ From the OHG. and MidHG. variant with is derived tummeln (comp. also Rohrdommel). The Teut. root dû contained in these words leads to kinship with the Sans. root dhû, ‘to storm along, put in violent motion, shake.’

Tausch, m., ‘exchange, barter’; ModHG. only; in late MidHG. (15th cent.) we meet for the first time with rostiuchœre, ‘horse-dealer’ (comp. Du. paardentuischer), and verûschen, ‘to exchange.’ The word is properly LG.; comp. Du. tuischen, ‘to barter.’ How täuschen, ‘to deceive,’ from late MidHG. tiuschen (tûschen), ‘to deceive, make game of some one’ (late MidHG. tûsch, ‘mockery, joke, deception’), is connected with this word is not clear.

tausend, n. and m., ‘thousand,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tûsend (tûsunt), OHG. tûsunt, dûsunt; corresponding to Goth. þûsundi, AS. þûsend, E. thousand, Du. duizend, OSax. thûsind. While the lower numerals up to a hundred are common to all the Aryan languages, the term for a thousand occurs elsewhere only in the Slav. group; comp. OSlov. tysąšta, Lith. túkstantis. The primary meaning and further history of the Slav.-Teut. word tûsntî, tûsontî, can no longer be discovered; perhaps Slav. borrowed this word in prehistoric times from Teut. (in Sans. sahasra, Zend hazaṅhra, Gr. χίλιοι for *χέσλιοι, equiv. to gheslio-; in Lat. mîlia, equiv. to Gr. μύρια). —

Tausendgüldenkraut, n., ‘centaury,’ ModHG. only, an erroneous version of the Lat. centaurea (as if it were a compound of centum and aurum. It is really Gr. κενταύριον).

Teer, m. and n., ‘tar,’ early ModHG. only, a LG. word (unknown to Swab. and Bav.); comp. Du. teer, AS. teoro (tyrwe), E. tar, and the equiv. OIc. tjara (to which OIc. tyrviðr, ‘pine-wood,’ is allied). The HG. form Zehr is recorded in the ModHG. period in Hess. These cognates meaning ‘tar’ are old derivatives of a Teut. word trewo-, ‘tree’ (comp. Goth. triu, E. tree), which is based upon Aryan derw-, dorw- (dru), ‘tree, wood’; comp. Gr. δρῦς, ‘oak’ (δόρυ, ‘spear’), OSlov. drěvo, ‘tree, wood,’ and the equiv. Sans. dâru (dru); see also Trog. Teer means lit. ‘the thick oil from trees’ (especially from resinous pine-trees?); comp. Lith. darvà, ‘‘pine-wood,’ and Lett. darwa, ‘tar.’

Teich, m., ‘pond, pool,’ from MidHG. tîch, m., ‘fish-pond, pond’ (it is uncertain whether OHG. dîh, ‘eddy, whirlpool,’ is the same word. The LG. cognates of ModHG. Deich seem to be connected; AS. dîč, E. ditch, dike (OIc. díke), border on the meaning of Teich. Teut. dîko- (from dhîghn-?) may be primit. allied to Gr. τίφος (from dhîghos?), n., ‘pond, bog.’

teig, adj., ‘mellow’ (of fruit), from the equiv. MidHG. teic; allied to the following word.

Teig, m., ‘dough,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. teic (g), m.; corresponding to Du. deeg, AS. dâh, E. dough, and the equiv. OIc. deig, n.; a derivative of a Teut. root dī̆g, ‘to knead,’ from which the adj. teig and ModHG. Tiegel, ‘stewpan,’ are derived. A more general meaning is exhibited by Goth. deigan, ‘to form from clay,’ which is derived from Aryan dhī̆gh, and is connected with Sans. dih, ‘to bedaub, cement, besmear.’ To these are also allied Lat. figulus, ‘potter,’ fingere, ‘to form,’ figura, ‘shape,’ Gr. τεῖχος, τοῖχος (for θεῖχος, θοῖχος), ‘wall.’

Teil, m. and n., ‘part, share, portion,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. teil, m. and n.; corresponding to Goth. dails, daila, f., OSax. dêl, m., Du. deel, n., AS. dœ̂l (dâl), and E. deal (dole). Teut. dai-li (lo) seems to point to an Aryan root dhai (see tilgen), which is proved by OSlov. dělŭ, ‘part.’ —

teilen, wk. vb., ‘to divide, share,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. teilen (Goth. dailjan), is a denominative, like OSlov. děliti, ‘to share.’ —

teils, adv., ‘partly,’ first used as an adv. in ModHG. — The ModHG. suffix -tel in Drittel, Viertel, &c., is based upon MidHG. teil (dritteil, vierteil, &c.; see also Urtel from Urteil).

Teller, m., ‘plate, salver,’ from the equiv. MidHG. teller, teler (telier), m.; the word was borrowed in the 14th cent. from Ital. tagliere (Fr. tailloir), ‘chopping board,’ which belongs, like Ital. tagliare (Fr. tailler), ‘to cut to pieces,’ to Ital. taglia, ‘incision’; comp. Fr. détail.

Tempel, m., ‘temple,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tëmpel, m. and n., OHG. tëmpal, n.; borrowed during the OHG. period (with ecclesiastical words like Kloster, Altar, &c.) from Lat. templum. A Teut. word used in pre-Christian times for the same idea was OSax. alah, AS. ealh, Goth. alhs.

Tenne, f., ‘threshing-floor,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tęnne, n., f., and m., OHG. tęnni, n. No corresponding word occurs in this sense in the allied Teut. dialects. It has been connected with AS. dęnu, ‘valley,’ AS. and E. den; but Tenne is rather a derivative of Tanne (lit. ‘made of fir’).

Teppich, m., ‘carpet, tablecloth,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tęppī̆ch, tębech, m. and n.; borrowed probably in the 8th cent. from Romance. The variants OHG. and MidHG. tęppī̆d, tęppī̆t, point immediately to Ital. tappeto, Lat. tapêtum, or rather tapêt- (Fr. tapis). ModHG. Tapet, Tapete, and tapezieren are more recent loanwords; comp. Ital. tappezzare, ‘to paper’ (a room).

Terne, f., ‘three winning numbers (in a lottery),’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Ital. terno.

teuer, adj., ‘dear, costly, precious,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tiure, tiur, OHG. tiuri; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. diuri, Du. duur, AS. dŷre, deóre, E. dear (to which darling, from AS. deórling, is allied), OIc. dýrr. For the gradation û (ModHG. tûr, ‘esteem’), iu, see dauern (2). The early history of this common Teut. adj., which is wanting only in Goth., cannot be ascertained.

Teufel, m., ‘devil, demon,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tiuvel (tievel), m., OHG. tiuval, tioval, m. (in the plur., neut. also); corresponding to OSax. diuƀal, Du. duivel, AS. deófol, equiv. to E. devil. The West Teut. words have apparently genuine Teut. sounds; on account, however, of the equiv. Goth. diabaúlus, Gr.-Lat. diabolus, it is certain that the word was borrowed. The early existence of the West Teut. word, attested by the permutation of LG. d to HG. t, can only be explained by the assumption that it was introduced into HG. in the 5th or 6th cent. through a Goth. medium (as also taufen, Pfaffe, Kirche, Heide, Samstag, and probably Engel), for the connection of the cognates with Gr.-Lat. (Ecclesiast.) diabolus cannot be doubted. The genuine HG. term for ‘evil spirit’ was Goth unhulþô, OHG. unholda, lit. ‘the demons.’

Text, m., ‘text,’ even in late MidHG. tëxt, formed from Lat. textus.

Thal, n., ‘valley,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tal, m. and n.; corresponding to Goth., OSax., and Du. dal, AS. dœl, E. dale (to which E. dell is allied), OIc. dalr, ‘valley.’ From the same Aryan root dhō̆, ‘to lie low,’ is derived AS. dęne, dęnu, ‘valley.’ In the non-Teut. group, Gr. θόλος, ‘dome-shaped roof, rotunda’ (lit. ‘deepening, excavation’?) is regarded as cognate; OSlov. dolŭ, ‘valley,’ is certainly allied. —

zu Thal (of rivers, ‘down-stream’) from the equiv. MidHG. ze tal, ‘down’ (comp. Goth. dalaþ, ‘downwards’); in opposition to zu Berg (see Berg) ‘upwards.’

Thaler, m., ‘dollar’ (three shillings), first recorded in the 15th cent.; an abbreviation of Joachimsthaler for ‘florin from Joachimsthal’ (in Bohemia). From the Ger. word are derived Ital. tallero, Du. daalder, E. dollar.

That, f., ‘deed, act, fact,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tât, f.; a verbal noun formed by gradation from thun. Corresponding to Goth. dêþs, OIc. dáð, AS. dœ̂d, E. deed, Du. daad, OSax. dâd. Teut. dé-di-, from dhê-tí, formed from the Teut. root dê, dô, from Aryan dhê, dhô. The graded form ê (â) is seen also in the OHG. partic. gitân, MidHG. and ModHG. getân. —

thätig, adj., ‘active, energetic,’ from MidHG. tœtec, OHG. tâtîc.

Thau, see Tau (2).

thauen, see tauen.

Thee, m., ‘tea,’ ModHG. only, derived, like Fr. thé, Du. thee, and E. tea, from Chin. the.

Theer, see Teer.

Theiding, n., in Narrentheiding, ‘empty talk,’ from MidHG. teidinc, tagedinc, ‘discussion, negotiation, talk’ (properly ‘the judicial proceeding’ appointed for a certain day or period). Comp. Ding and verteidigen.

Theil, see Teil.

Theriak, m., ‘antidote; treacle’; in MidHG. drîakel, trîakel, trîaker (Du. teriaak, triakel), from Gr.-MidLat. θηριακόν, ‘remedy for the bite of wild animals.’

theuer, see teuer.

Thier, see Tier.

Thon, m., ‘clay,’ earlier ModHG. Than, Tahen, from MidHG. tâhe, dâhe, OHG. dâha, f., ‘clay, loam’ (also ‘earthen vessel’); corresponding to Goth. þâhô (from *þânhô), f., ‘clay,’ AS. þô (older þôhœ), f., ‘clay,’ OIc. þá, f., ‘clayey soil.’ No words occur in the other Aryan languages to elucidate the implied pre-Teut. tankân, ‘loam.’

Thor (1.), m., ‘fool,’ from MidHG. tôre, tôr, m., ‘insane person, fool’; *tôro, m., has not yet been found in OHG. The r of the adj. has originated in s (z), as is shown by OHG. tusîg, AS. dysig, ‘foolish,’ E. dizzy, and Du. duizelig, ‘dizzy.’ For further Teut. cognates of the Aryan root dhus (dhaus, dhwē̆s) see under Dusel; it is uncertain whether Lat. furere, ‘to rage,’ is derived from this root dhus. —

thöricht, adj., ‘foolish, silly,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tôrëht, tœreht (also tœrisch, tœrsch). —

Thorheit, f., ‘foolishness,’ from MidHG. tôrheit.

Thor (2.), n., ‘gate, gateway,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tor, n.; corresponding to Goth. daúr, OSax. dor, n., ‘gate, door.’ See Thür.

Thran, m., ‘train-oil, blubber,’ ModHG. only, a LG. word, corresponding to Du. traan, Dan. and Swed. tran. The origin and prim. meaning of the word are unknown.

Thräne, f., ‘tear’ (in Swab. and Bav. Zähre is the popular term), from the equiv. late MidHG. trêne, f.; properly the plur. of the MidHG. sing. trahen (contracted trân), m.; corresponding to OHG. trahan (trân), m. (OSax. trahni, plur.), ‘tears’; Teut. base, trahnu-. The equiv. MidHG. traher recalls MidHG. zaher (see Zähre), so that Teut. tahru must have had the parallel forms trahru and trahnu. More definite information concerning the early history of MidHG. trahen, traher, cannot be ascertained.

Thron, m., ‘throne,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trôn, m., which originated in Fr. trône, or, with the lengthening of the vowel in an open syllable, in Lat. (Gr.) thronus (comp. Ital. trono).

thun, vb., ‘to do, perform, make,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tuon; corresponding to OSax. dûan, Du. doen, AS. dôn, E. to do. Further details concerning this essentially West Teut. str. verbal root dô, dê (in Goth. taujan, ‘to do’), belongs to grammar; yet see also That and the suffix -tum. The pre-Teut. dhô, dhê, has a wide ramification in the other Aryan languages. Comp. the Gr. root θη, θε, in τίθημι ‘to put, do,’ Sans. root dhâ (dadhâmi and dhãmi), ‘to put, lay, do’ (dhâtṛ, ‘creator’), OSlov. děją (and deždą), ‘to do, make,’ Lat. facio (perf. fêci, equiv. to Gr. ἔθηκα).

Thunfisch, m., ‘tunny,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Lat. thunnus (Gr. θύννος), whence Ital. tonno, Fr. thon (E. tunny).

Thür, f., ‘door,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tür, OHG. turi, f.; properly a plur. form, the idea being often expressed by such a form; in OHG. we find turi as plur. with a sing. meaning (the stem was really dur-). Corresponding to OSax. duri (dura), Du. deur, AS. duru (dyre); OIc. dyrr is plur. only. The common Aryan stem dhur (dhwer) recurs in Gr. θύρα, θύρετρον, ‘door,’ to which θαιρός, ‘hinge of a door,’ and θυρών, ‘vestibule’ (comp. Goth. daurôns, plur. only, ‘door’), are allied; Lat. fores, ‘door,’ OSlov. dvĭrĭ, ‘door’ (dvorŭ, ‘court’), Lith. dùrys, ‘door.’ To these are allied the equiv. Sans. dur, dvâr, which in the oldest period was inflected only in the dual or plur. (the initial aspirate is dropped, because the case suffix begins with an aspirate). The primary meaning of this word, which has invariably the ModHG. signification, cannot be discovered. Allied to Thor.

Thurm, see Turm.

tief, adj., ‘deep, profound, low,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tief, OHG. tiof; corresponding to OSax. diop, Du. diep, AS. deóp, E. deep (depth and to dip), OIc. djópr, and Goth. diups, ‘deep.’ The common Teut. adj. diupa-, of which ModHG. taufen is a factitive, belongs to a Teut. root dū̆p, the variant of which, dū̆b, appears in AS. dŷfan, E. to dive (see Taube), as well as in E. dub. Comp. W. dwfn, OIr. fudomain, Lith. dubùs, ‘deep, hollow,’ OSlov. duplĭ, ‘hollow’ (see Tobel), from an Aryan root dhub, dhup. For a nasalised Teut. root dump, see Tümpel.

Tiegel, m., ‘stewpan, crucible,’ from MidHG. tigel, tëgel, OHG. tëgal, ‘crucible’; corresponding to the equiv. OIc. digull (Swed. degel, Dan. digel). The cognates cannot have been derived from Lat. tegula (yet comp. Ziegel). The word is probably based on the Teut. root dī̆g, ‘to knead, form,’ discussed under Teig.

Tier, n., ‘animal, beast, brute,’ from MidHG. tier, OHG. tior, n., ‘animal,’ especially ‘wild beast’ (hence ModHG. Tiergarten); corresponding to OSax. dior, ‘wild east,’ Du. dier, ‘animal,’ AS. deór, E. deer (in MidHG. also, as well as in the language of sportsmen in ModHG., tier is often used in the sense of ‘roe’ and ‘hind’), OIc. dýr, n., ‘animal,’ especially ‘wild beast,’ and also ‘roe, stag.’ Goth. dius, ‘wild beast,’ shows that the r of the words quoted are based upon Aryan s (base dheuso-?); to this the AS. adj. deór, ‘bold,’ and OHG. tiorlîh, ‘wild,’ are traced; hence Goth. dius, ‘animal,’ is probably an adj. used as a subst. (lit. ‘the wild creature’). Tier, therefore, was originally quite distinct from Vieh, ‘useful gregarious animal.’ Lat. animal with anima suggests the supposition that the cognates belong to an Aryan root dhus, ‘to breathe’ (comp. OSlov. duša, duchŭ, ‘spirit, soul’).

tilgen, vb., ‘to extinguish, erase, eradicate,’ from MidHG. tîlgen (tîligen), OHG. tîligon, and also tîlôn, wk. vb., ‘to exterminate, extirpate.’ Comp. OSax. far-dîligôn, Du. delgen, AS. â-dîlgian, ‘to extirpate.’ It is remarkable that the word was borrowed from Lat. dêlêre, considering its wide diffusion in the West Teut. languages (we should also have expected *tialên in OHG.).

Tinte, f., ‘ink, tint,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tinte, tinkte (for nct and nt comp. bunt and Spunt), OHG. tincta, f.; the word is evidently borrowed; it is based on the equiv. Lat. tincta (lit. ‘coloured, variegated things’), whence Ital. and Span. tinta, ‘ink.’ It is clear, therefore, that the spelling Tinte is historically more correct than Dinte; the latter is due to MidG. and LG. In OHG. atraminza (from Lat. atramentum, comp. OFr. errement) was used. The equiv. E. ink, Du. inkt, Rhen. inkes, are based on the Romance cognates, Fr. encre, OFr. enques, Ital. inchiostro (the ultimate source is Lat.-Gr. ἔγκαυστον).

Tisch, m., ‘table,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tisch, OHG. tisc, m.; corresponding to OSax. disc, Du. disch. The OHG. word also means ‘dish,’ the antiquity of which is proved by AS. disč, ‘dish, bowl,’ E. dish. The Gr.-Lat. discus, on which the cognates are based, has the late signification ‘dish’ (post-classical; properly ‘disk’); yet comp. also Ital. desco, ‘table,’ OFr. dois, ‘table’ (ModFr. dais, ‘canopy, dais’).

Titel, m., ‘title, claim,’ from MidHG. titel (tittel), OHG. titul, tital, m.; from the equiv. Lat. titulus, whence also Fr. titre, Ital. titolo.

Tobel, m., ‘narrow valley,’ from MidHG. tobel, OHG. tobal, m., ‘forest ravine, valley’; a derivative of the Teut. root dub, dup (see Tief), to which Lith. daubà, dauburà, ‘valley,’ OSlov. duplĭ, ‘hollow,’ dĭbrĭ, ‘valley, ravine,’ are primit. cognate (Aryan root dhup, dhub).

toben, vb., ‘to fume, rage, bluster,’ from the equiv. MidHG. toben, OHG. tôbên (tobôn), wk. vb.; corresponding to the equiv. AS. dofian, ‘delirare’ (gedof, ‘fury, rage, madness’). Based on the Teut. root dub, ‘to be mentally confused, to be deafened,’ from which taub and dumm are also derived. Whether we have to assume on account of OHG. tûfar, tûbar, ‘silly, foolish,’ an Aryan root dhū̆p, dhū̆q, is dubious; perhaps Lith. dúkti, ‘to grow mad,’ dúkis, ‘fury, madness,’ are primit. allied to the cognates of toben.

Tochter, f., ‘daughter,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tohter, OHG. tohter, f.; a common Teut., and also a primit. Aryan term; comp. Goth. daúhtar, AS. dohtor, E. daughter, Du. dochter, OSax. dohtar, ‘daughter.’ The primit Aryan dhuktêr (dhugatêr), on which the Teut. cognates are based, is indicated also by Lith. duktě, OSlov. dŭšti; comp. further Gr. θυγάτηρ, Sans. duhitâr, Zend duγδar, ‘daughter.’ The Aryan word is usually considered to be a derivative of the Sans. root dugh, ‘to milk,’ regarding Tochter as equiv. to ‘milker.’ This assumption is, however, quite as dubious as the derivation of Vater, Mutter, and Bruder.

Tod, m., ‘death,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tôt (d), OHG. tôd, m.; corresponding to Goth. dauþus, OSax. dôth, Du. dood, AS. deáþ, E. death. A verbal abstract of the Teut. verbal root dau, which has been preserved in OIc. deyja, str. vb. (whence the equiv. E. to die); comp. OSax. dôian (from daujan), OHG. and MidHG. touwen (MidHG. töuwen), wk. vb., ‘to die.’ Teut. dau-þu- has the Lat.-Sans. suffix tu- (base dháu-tu-s). The adj. cognate ModHG. tot, ‘dead,’ is based on the to partic. of the same root, dhā̆u (partic. dhautó), With these are connected in the non-Teut. languages OSlov. daviti, ‘to strangle,’ Lith. dóvyti, ‘to torment,’ which correspond as causatives to Goth. dôjan (for *dôwjan), ‘to torment’ (lit. ‘to put to death’). The orig. form of the root was dhē̆w, dhō̆w.

todt, see tot.

toll, adj., ‘mad, frantic, absurd,’ from MidHG. and OHG. tol (with one l), adj., ‘foolish, absurd,’ to which OHG. tulisc, ‘foolish,’ is allied. Comp. OSax., Du., and AS. dol, ‘foolish,’ E. dull. The Teut. root dul contained in these words has a variant dwal, which has been preserved in Goth. dwals, foolish, AS. gedwëlan, ‘to err,’ OHG. gitwola, ‘infatuation, delusion, heresy,’ OSax. dwalm, ‘infatuation, delusion.’ An Aryan root dhwel, dhul, ‘to be infatuated, deluded,’ is also attested by Sans. dhvṛ, dhûr (dhru), ‘to deceive, cheat, injure.’

Tölpel, m., ‘blockhead, booby,’ from MidHG. törpel, dörpel, properly dörper, dörpœre, m., ‘peasant, clownish person, blockhead’; really identical with Dörfer, ‘villager.’ MidHG. dörper is a MidG. and LG. form (for genuine MidHG. dorfœre). The LG. form of the MidHG. word is explained by the fact that Flanders, the medium by which French terms relating to the court and chivalry were introduced into Germany, also furnished some words (comp. Wappen) to HG.

Ton, m., ‘tone, sound,’ from MidHG. tôn, dôn, m., ‘sound, tone, voice, song melody’; from Gr.-Lat. tŏnus (τόνος), with lengthening of the ŏ; comp. Thron. Hence ModHG. tönen, vb., ‘to sound, resound,’ from MidHG. tœnen, dœnen.

Tonne, f., ‘tun, cask, barrel,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tunne, OHG. tunna, f. A corresponding word with a similar form is preserved by Du. ton, AS. tunne, E. tun; according to these LG. cognates the HG. word ought to have an initial z, or rather the cognates an initial d. Hence the word must have been borrowed by one or the other, which is all the more probable since it is wanting in Swab. and Bav. The Rom. languages have Fr. tonne (tonneau), Span. and Portug. tonel. Probably Kelt. is the ultimate source of the word; comp. Ir. and Gael. tunna, ‘tun, cask.’ In that case, the word passed into HG. after 700 A.D., When the t could not be permutated to z. The form of OSwed. þyn, ‘tun, cask,’ shows that it was borrowed at a much earlier period.

Topas, m., ‘topaz,’ from the equiv. MidHG. topâȥe (topazîe), m.; derived, like most of the terms for precious stones, through a Lat. medium from Gr. Comp. Gr. τόπαζος, τοπάζιον, ‘topaz.’

Topf, m., ‘pot,’ from the equiv. MidHG. topf (with the diminutive variant tüpfen), m.; this word, which is rare in MidHG., is wanting in OHG. The primit. word is unknown to UpG. (Hafen being used), yet Alem. has preserved dipfi, düpfi, ‘iron pot with three legs,’ Hess. dippen, ‘pot’ (Luther Töpfen); in Du. and E. the divergent form pot occurs. MidHG. topf, ‘olla,’ is probably more closely related to MidHG. topf, topfe, OHG. topf, tof (topfo), ‘top’ (toy), so too ModHG. dial. Topf, ‘top’ (toy); AS. and E. top is exceptional. The word is based on the Teut. root dup, ‘to be deep, hollow’ (see tief); Topf, lit. ‘that which has been hollowed out.’

Topp, m., ‘top’ (of a mast), ModHG. only, borrowed, like most nautical terms, from LG. Comp. Du. top, E. top. For further cognates see under Zopf.

Torf, m., ‘turf, peat,’ ModHG. only, a LG. loan-word unknown to Bav.; comp. LG. torf, Du., AS., and E. turf, and the equiv. OIc. torf. In OHG. we find a genuine HG. form zurba, ‘sward,’ with a normal permutation, for which Swiss now has turbe, with the LG. permutation. The OTeut. word passed (in a LG. form) into Rom.; comp. Ital. torbo, Fr. tourbe, ‘turf.’ This form Torf (lit. ‘sward’), orig. common to Teut., is based on pre-Teut. drbh, and is connected with Sans. darbhá, ‘tuft of grass.’

Torkel, f., ‘wine-press,’ from MidHG. torkel, OHG. torkula, f., ‘wine or oil press.’ From Lat. torcula, torculum.

torkeln, vb., ‘to reel, stagger,’ from the equiv. MidHG. torkeln; intensive of MidHG. turc (k), m., ‘reeling, downfall.’ Early history obscure.

Tornister, m., ‘haversack, knapsack,’ adopted in the last cent. from Hungar. tarisznya, ‘satchel.’

Tort, m., ‘wrong, vexation,’ ModHG. only; the LG. form for HG. Troß.

Torte, f., ‘tart,’ early ModHG. only, from Fr. tarte.

tosen, vb., ‘to rage, storm,’ from the equiv. MidHG. dôsen, OHG. dôsôn. Based on a Teut. root þus (by gradation þaus), from which OIc. þyss, þausn, ‘tumult,’ is also derived.

tot, adj., ‘dead,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tôt (OHG. also tôd); corresponding to the equiv. Goth. dauþs, AS. deád, E. dead, Du. dood, OSax. dôd. Teut. dau-do- (dauþo-), contained in these words, is properly a partic. (comp. falt, laut, traut) of the Teut. strong verbal root dā̆u, ‘to die,’ mentioned under Tod. — Derivative töten, factitive vb., ‘to put to death,’ from the equiv. MidHG. taten (tœden), OHG. tôten (tôden). Comp. Goth. dauþjan.

traben, vb., ‘to trot, jog,’ from MidHG. draben (draven), wk. vb., ‘to walk or ride at an even, rapid pace’; corresponding to Du. draven. —

Trabant, m., ‘gentleman-at-arms, life-guardsman,’ is a derivative of traben, with a Rom. partic. suffix, Comp. Lappalien.

Tracht, f., ‘dress, costume, load,’ from MidHG. (OHG.) traht, f., ‘carrying, load’; verbal abstract of tragen. —

trächtig, adj., ‘pregnant,’ is connected with the subsidiary meaning of traht, ‘pregnancy.’

trachten, vb., ‘to aim (at), aspire (to),’ from MidHG. trahten, OHG. trahtôn, wk. vb., ‘to think, esteem, consider, strive, invent, excogitate’; corresponding to Du. trachten, AS. trahtian. Based on Lat. tractare, ‘to treat, reflect on,’ whence Ital. trattare, Fr. traiter, ‘to treat.’ The genuine Teut. origin of OHG. trahtôn is undoubted, hence it has been thought to be primit. allied to Gr. δέρκομαι, Sans. dṛç, ‘to see.’

träge, adj., ‘indolent, lazy,’ from MidHG. trœge, adj. (trâgo, adv.), OHG. trâgi, adj. (trâgo; adv.), ‘slow, loth, wearied, lazy’; corresponding to Du. traag, AS. trâg, ‘reluctant, difficult.’ The assumed primit. Teut. *trêgu-z, ‘reluctant, loth,’ belongs to an OTeut. root trē̆g, ‘to be sad, disheartened,’ which appears in Goth. trîgo, ‘sadness,’ OIc. tregr, ‘reluctant, slow’ (trege, ‘pain’), AS. trëga, ‘pain,’ OSax. trâgi, ‘vexation’ (allied to trëgan, str. vb., ‘to be sorry’). OSwed. trögher (ModSwed. trög), ‘lazy,’ has a graded form, ô, of the root vowel ē̆. Sans. drâgh, ‘to torment,’ has also been supposed to contain the Aryan root drē̆gh. The following word is not allied.

tragen, vb., ‘to bear, carry, support, endure,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tragen, OHG. tragan, str. vb., ‘to bear, hold, bring, lead’; corresponding to OSax. dragan, Du. dragen, Goth. dragan, str. vb., ‘to bear.’ Whether OIc. draga, AS. dragan, equiv. to E. to draw, are entirely different from these cognates is open to doubt. The Teut. root drag, ‘to bear’ (from Aryan dhragh), has been compared with OSlov. drŭžati, ‘to hold’

trampeln, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. trampeln, wk. vb., ‘to trample’; a MidG. and LG. intensive form from Goth. trimpan, ‘to tread,’ to which a genuine HG. form, MidHG. trumpfen, ‘to run,’ is allied; comp. E. to tramp, trample. The forms ModHG. trappen, ‘to tread noisily,’ Du. trappen, ‘to tread,’ E. (dial.) to trape, without a nasal, also occur. Comp. also Treppe.

Trampeltier, n., a corruption of the equiv. Dromedar, ‘dromedary.’

Trank, m., ‘drink, beverage,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tranc (k), m. and n.; an abstract from trinken. — To this Tränke, f., ‘watering-place’ (for animals), from the equiv. MidHG. tręnke, OHG. tręncha, f., is allied.

Trappe, m. and f., ‘bustard,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trap, trappe, m.; comp. the equiv. Du. trapgans. The early history of the word is entirely obscure.

Traß, m., ModHG. only. Derived, like the equiv. Du. tras (tiras, tieras) and E. tarrace (tarras), from Ital. terrazzo.

Tratte, f., ‘draft, bill of exchange,’ ModHG. only, from Ital. tratta.

Traube, f., ‘grape, bunch of grapes,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trûbe, m. and f., OHG. trûba (drûba), f., trûbo (druppo?), m.; corresponding to Du. druif. It is uncertain whether we have to assume Goth. *þrûba, ‘grape’ (OIc. þrúga, ‘grape, winepress,’ is a derivative of OIc. þrúga; see drücken).

trauen, vb., ‘to trust, confide; marry,’ from MidHG. trûwen, wk. vb., ‘to hope, believe, trust’ (also ‘to betroth, unite in marriage’), OHG. trûên (trûwên), ‘to believe, trust.’ Comp. Goth. trauan, wk. vb., ‘to trust, confide,’ OSax. trûôn, Du. vertrouwen, ‘to trust, confide’ (but trouwen, ‘to marry’). A derivative of the Teut. root trū̆, treu, ‘to have confidence,’ mentioned under traut and treu.

Trauer, f., ‘mourning, sorrow, grief,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trûre, f.; a derivative of MidHG. trûren, OHG. trûrên (equiv. to ModHG. trauern, ‘to mourn, grieve’), wk. vb. Allied to ModHG. traurig, ‘mournful, sad,’ MidHG. trûrec, OHG. *trûrac (g); to this adj. AS. dreórig, E. dreary, is related by gradation (comp. Du. treurtg, ‘sad.’ Borrowed from HG.?). On account of OHG. trûrên, ‘to lower one's eyes,’ the cognates are based on the OTeut. root drus, ‘to fall, sink’ (comp. Goth. driusan, AS. dreósan, ‘to fall’).

Traufe, f., ‘dripping of water, eaves, gutter,’ from the equiv. MidHG. troufe, f., MidHG. and OHG. trouf, m. A graded form from triefen, ‘to drop, trickle’; so too ModHG. träufeln, träufen, ‘to drip, trickle,’ from MidHG. tröufen, MidHG. and OHG. troufen, lit. ‘to cause to drop.’

Traum, m., ‘dream, vision,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. troum, m.; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. drôm, Du. droom, E. dream (recorded about 1200 A.D.), OIc. draumr. The signification ‘dream,’ occurring in all these cognates, may be deduced from the lit. meaning, ‘phantom, illusion,’ so that Teut. draumo- (for draugmo- or draugwmó-?) would be connected with trügen. In any case, OSax. drôm (E. dream) and OSax. drâm (AS. dreám), ‘shout of joy, noise,’ must be regarded as etymologically different words; the latter is connected with Gr. θρῦλος, ‘noise.’ — Derivative träumen, vb., ‘to dream,’ from MidHG. tröumen, MidHG. and OHG. troumen.

traun, interj., ‘truly! in faith! forsooth!’ from the equiv. MidHG. (MidG.) trûn, trûwen, for MidHG. triuwen, entriuwen, ‘in truth,’ allied to Treue.

traut, adj., ‘beloved, dear,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. trût; allied MidHG. trût, m. and n., ‘sweetheart, spouse.’ Since there is no corresponding word in the Teut. dialects with a Goth. form of the dental, it cannot be decided whether traut must be connected with trauen; in any case, the form and meaning admit of our regarding it as the old to partic. (comp. laut, falt, zart) of the root trū̆, treu, seen in trauen and treu, so that its lit. meaning is ‘one in whom confidence or trust is reposed.’ The borrowed Romance words beginning with d (comp. Ital. drudo, m., ‘lover,’ druda, f., ‘mistress,’ drudo, ‘gallant, brave,’ Fr. dru) presuppose a Goth. *drûda-, which could not be from the same root as Goth. trauan, ‘to trust.’ The connection with Gael. drúth, ‘wanton, pert,’ W. drud, ‘bold,’ is obscure; it may be primit. allied (Aryan root dhrū̆).

Treber, plur., ‘husks, grains,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tręber, OHG. trębir, plur.; the corresponding sing. would be trab. Comp. Ic. draf, Du. draf, ‘sediment of a brewing’ (to which drabbe, ‘lees,’ is allied), AS. drœf, E. draff, ‘lees, refuse, dregs’ (late AS. drabbe, ‘lees, dregs, dirt,’ whence E. drab, applied to colour and a woman). If the medial ƀ of the Teut. base draboz, n., could have originated in a guttural, the word might be compared with OIc. dregg (equiv. to E. dregs), and hence be probably allied to Lat. frăces, ‘grounds, dregs of oil’; Aryan root dhraq?. It seems to be also connected more remotely with Trester, ‘husks, skins (of grapes).’

trecken, vb., ‘to drag, haul,’ from the MidHG. trëchen, ‘to drag,’ or rather from the intensive form trecken; allied to Du. and MidLG. trekken.

Treff, n., ‘club’ (at cards), properly Treffle (18th cent.), from Fr. trèfle, ‘clover, trefoil’ (Lat. trifolium).

treffen, vb., ‘to hit, strike; guess; occur, happen,’ from MidHG. trëffen, OHG. trëffan, str. vb., ‘to hit, reach, fight’; comp. AS. drëpan, OIc. drepa, ‘to hit, push, strike.’ As to the Teut. root drep (pre-Teut. dhreb) contained in these cognates, nothing positive can be asserted. Comp. Eintracht.

Treffen, n., ‘encounter, engagement’; even in MidHG. trëffen, n.; an infinitive used as a subst., from MidHG. trëffen, ‘to fight.’ See triftig.

treiben, vb., ‘to drive, impel,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trîben, OHG. trîban, str. vb.; corresponding to OSax. drîƀan, ‘to drive, drive away, exercise,’ Du. drijven, ‘to drive, carry on (a business), fly, swim,’ E. to drive (AS. drîfan), OIc. drífa, ‘to hasten,’ Goth. dreiban, ‘to drive.’ The Teut. str. verbal root drī̆b (from Aryan dhrī̆bh ?, dhrī̆p?), ‘to move quickly, drive,’ has not yet been found in the other Aryan languages. See Trift.

treideln, vb., ‘to tow a boat,’ ModHG. only; a LG. loan-word; comp. the equiv. Du. treilen (AS. trœglian, E. to trail). On account of Fr. trailler, ‘to pull,’ which is probably a corresponding term, treideln has been supposed to be connected with Lat. trahere. There is no need, however, to ascribe the cognates to a non-Teut. origin.

trendeln, trenteln, vb., ‘to dawdle, loiter,’ lit. ‘to turn, move this way and that,’ from late MidHG. tręndeln, ‘to turn,’ allied to MidHG. tręndel, ‘ball, top,’ which, like AS. tręndel, ‘sphere’ (E. trendle), and Du. omtrent, ‘towards, on, about’ (Dan. and Swed. trind, ‘round’), are connected with a root trend, ‘to move in a circle.’

trennen, vb., ‘to separate, sever,’ from MidHG. and OHG. tręnnen (older *trannjan), wk. vb., ‘to split, separate, cleave,’ lit. ‘to partition off’; factitive of MidHG. trinnen, ‘to run away, separate’ (comp. abtrünnig). This verbal stem is unknown to the other Teut. languages, and hence its primit. Teut. and pre-Teut. form and meaning cannot be ascertained.

Trense, f., ‘snaffle,’ ModHG. only, a LG. word; comp. Du. trens. The early history of the word is obscure; it is doubtful whether it has been borrowed from Span. trenza, ‘plait, braid (of hair).’

Treppe, f., ‘stairs, staircase,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) tręppe, trappe, m. and f., ‘stairs, step’; corresponding to Du. trap. This word (for which Stiege occurs in UpG.) belongs to the cognates of trappen (see under trampeln), which are likewise of MidG. and LG. origin; the HG. form (of the 16th and 17th cents.) is properly Trepfe.

Trespe, f., ‘brome-grass,’ a Sax. and Siles. word, from MidHG. (MidG.) trësp, ‘darnel,’ with the genuine HG. variants trëfs, trëfse, m. Modern Ger. dialects (e.g., Thuringian) have Treff (Swab. trefz), so that an orig. term trëf is probable. Allied to Du. dravik, MidE. drauk (AS. *drafoc); non-Teut. cognates are wanting.

Tresse, f., ‘lace, braid (of hair),’ ModHG. only, from Fr. tresse.

Trester, plur., ‘husks, grape-skins,’ from MidHG. tręster, OHG. trestir, plur., ‘grains, residue.’ The similarity in meaning to Treber, ‘grains,’ points to a primit. kinship of OHG. trębir and tręstir (comp. also AS. dœrstan, ‘lees’), so that tręstir would represent *trefstir or *tręhstir. Pruss. drag(illegible text)os, OSlov. drożdiję and droštija, ‘lees,’ which are primit. allied to these words, are also similarly related.

treten, vb., ‘to tread, proceed, step,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trëten, OHG. trëtan; a common Teut. str. vb.; corresponding to OSax. and AS. trëdan, E. to tread, Du. treden, Goth. trudan. Comp. also Tritt, Trott, and Trotte. In the non-Teut. languages no Aryan root dre-t is found, though Gr. δρόμος, ‘course,’ Sans. root dram, ‘to run’ (AS. tręm, ‘step’), and the root of the cognates of trampeln seem to be orig. connected with it.

treu, adj., ‘true, faithful,’ from late MidHG. triuwe, for which classical MidHG. has getriuwe (hence ModHG. getreu), OHG. gitriuwi, ‘true, faithful, trusty, loyal.’ Properly a derivative of OHG. triuwa, MidHG. triuwe (ModHG. Treue), f.; getreu, lit. ‘possessing loyalty.’ in OSax. triuwi, Du. trouw, AS. treówe, trŷwe (E. true, truth, to trow, and to trust), Goth. triggws, ‘true.’ Teut. treuwo- (treuwi-?), for pre-Teut. dréwo-, is related to the assumed (see trauen) Aryan root drū̆, ‘to have confidence,’ with which Pruss. druwis, ‘belief,’ is connected. OHG. triuwa, f., ‘fidelity,’ corresponds to OSax. treuwa, AS. treów, ‘fidelity,’ Goth. triggwa, ‘agreement, compact’; with the last signification, Ital. tregua, Fr. trève, ‘armistice,’ borrowed from Teut., are connected.

Trichter (in UpG. and LG. dialects Trachter), m., ‘funnel,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trihter, with older variants tręhter, drahter, OHG. trahtâri, m.; corresponding to Du. trechter, OAS. tructer (Swed. tratt?). Based on MidLat. tractârius, ‘funnel,’ corrupted from the equiv. Lat. trâjectôrium (Lat. trajicere, traicere), ‘to pour from one vessel into another.’ For the contraction comp. Utrecht, Mastricht, from Lat. Ultrajectum, Mosae-Trajectum. The word was borrowed in Ger. coincident with the introduction of Ital. wine-culture (comp. Kelter, Spund, and Wein). As in the case of Kelter, the Romance languages retain few traces of the Lat. word; comp. Rhet. trachuoir, Walloon and Vosges trętœ (the more widely diffused Rom. word for ‘funnel’ is Lat. infundibulum, equiv. to Fr. fondèfle, yet Alban. taftâr, ‘funnel,’ is also based on Lat. *tractârius for trajectorium).

Trieb, m., ‘sprout; instinct, impulse,’ ModHG. only; allied to treiben. Comp. Trift.

triefen, vb., ‘to drop, drip, trickle,’ from MidHG. triefen, OHG. triofan, str. vb., ‘to drop’; corresponding to OSax. driopan, Du. druipen, AS. dreópan, ‘to drop.’ To this are allied the cognates of Traufe, träufeln, and Tropfen. With the Teut. root drū̆p (from pre-Teut. dhrū̆b), OIr. drucht (base druptu-), ‘dew, dewdrop,’ is also probably connected.

triegen, see trügen.

Trift, f., ‘right of pasturage, common,’ from MidHG. trift, f., ‘pasture,’ lit. ‘place to which something is driven’; not recorded in OHG. Trift (as in the case of Acker) is a relic of the speech of primit. nomad life. MidHG. trift also signifies (as a derivative of the root of treiben) ‘herd, drove, floating (of wood), actions, mode of life’; comp. E. drift and drove.

triftig, adj. ‘drifting; convincing, sound, valid,’ from late MidHG. (rare) triftec (g), ‘striking, pertinent, suitable’; a derivative of treffen.

trillern, vb., ‘to trill, warble,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Ital. trillare.

trinken, vb., ‘to drink,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trinken, OHG. trinchan; a common Teut. str. vb.; comp. Goth. drigkan, AS. drincan, E. to drink, Du. drinken, OSax. drinkan. From OTeut. are derived the Romance cognates, Ital. trincare, Fr. trinquer, ‘to touch glasses.’ The str. verbal root drink (Aryan dhreng) is not found in non-Teut.; on the other hand, the Aryan root pô, ‘to drink’ (comp. Sans. pâ, Gr. πω-, Lat. pô-tus, &c.), is wanting in Teut. — Comp. Trank, Trunk.

trippeln, vb., ‘to trip, mince,’ ModHG. only; corresponding to Du. dribbelen. A recent intensive form from treiben or traben.

Tripper, m., ‘gonorrhea,’ a MidG. and LG. word for which older ModHG. Trüpfer, m. (allied to Tropfen), occurs. Comp. E. dripper, allied to drip.

Tritt, m., ‘step, tread,’ from MidHG. trit, m. Allied to treten.

trocken, adj. ‘dry, barren,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trocken, trucken (truchen), OHG. trochan (trucchan); comp. OSax. drucno, drocno, ‘dry.’ Corresponding to the equiv. LG. dreuge, Du. droog (comp. Droge, to which Du. droogte, ‘dryness,’ is allied), AS. drŷge, E. dry (allied to drought), which are derived from cognate roots. With the Teut. root drū̆k, drū̆g, draug, ‘to be dry,’ is also connected OIc. draugr, ‘dry wood.’ A pre-Teut. root dkrū̆ḳ (dhrū̆g) has not yet been found in the other Aryan languages.

Troddel, f., ‘tassel, bob,’ dimin. of MidHG. trâde, OHG. tráda, f. (trâdo, m.), ‘fringe’; MidHG. trôdel (dial. for trâdel) signifies ‘fibre in wood,’ Since the other Teut. dialects have no word corresponding to OHG. trâdo, ‘fringe,’ nothing definite can be ascertained concerning its early history.

trödeln, vb., ‘to deal in second-hand goods, dawdle, loiter,’ from MidHG. *tretelen, which, with the nasalised form trendeln, is derived from the same root. Comp. MidHG. tredel-, trendelmarket, equiv. to ModHG. Trödelmarkt, ‘rag-fair.’

Trog, m., ‘trough,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. troc (g), m.; comp. Du. trog, AS. trog, E. trough, OIc. trog. The assumed Teut. trogo-, from which the cognate Ital. truogo, ‘trough,’ is borrowed, is based on pre-Teut. dru-kó-, which is rightly connected with the Aryan stem dru (dreu, deru), ‘tree, wood,’ discussed under Teer; comp. Sans. dru, dâru, ‘wood.’ Hence Trog is lit. ‘wooden article.’

trollen, vb., ‘to roll about, loll, trip,’ from MidHG. trollen, ‘to run with short steps’; perhaps allied to MidHG. trolle, ‘booby, uncouth person’ (lit. ‘ghost-like monster’). Fr. trôler, ‘to stroll about,’ is a Ger. loan-word.

Trommel, f., ‘drum, cylinder, sieve,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. trumel, trumbel, f., of which the classical MidHG. form is trumbe (trumme, trume), ‘drum, trumpet’; comp. OHG. trumpa, trumba, ‘trumpet.’ The Rom. languages have a corresponding word, Ital. tromba, Fr. trompe. Since these have no Lat. form, OHG. trumba may be regarded as their source. OHG. trumba seems to be identical with OIc. trumba, ‘pipe, stalk, trumpet,’ in which case the latter is probably nearer the primary meaning.— ModHG. Trompete, ‘trumpet’ (even in MidHG. trúmet, trúmbet), is based on Rom.; comp. Fr. trompette, Ital. trombetta.

Tropf, m., ‘needy or stupid person,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. tropfe. It is considered to be a variant of Tropfen (Tropf, lit. ‘least thing, nothing, wight’?).

Tropfen, m., ‘drop, tear,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tropfe (troffe), OHG. tropfo (troffo), m.; corresponding to OSax. dropo, Du. drop, AS. dropa, E. drop, and the equiv. OIc. drope. A derivative of the Teut. root drup (see triefen).

Trost, m., ‘comfort, consolation,’ from MidHG. and OHG. trôst, m., ‘comfort, help, protection, assurance, confidence’; corresponding to OIc. traust, m., ‘assurance,’ Goth. traust (gen. traustis for -eis), ‘treaty, alliance.’ The word is a derivative of the Teut. root traus, a variant of the root trū̆ appearing in trauen. Comp. OIc. traustr, adj., ‘certain, strong, firm,’ lit. ‘that in which one has confidence.’ —

trösten, vb., ‘to comfort, console,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trœsten, OHG. trôsten (*traustjan).

Troß, m., ‘baggage, baggage-train, cavalcade,’ from late MidHG. trosse, f., ‘luggage,’ formed from Fr. trousse, ‘truss, bundle.’

Trott, m., ‘trot,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Ital. trotto (Fr. trot). This Rom. word is apparently based on OHG. trottôn, ‘to tread’ (late MidHG. trotten, ‘to run’), an intensive form of treten. E. to trot has been adopted from the borrowed Fr. term trotter. Comp. the following word.

Trotte, f., ‘wine-press,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trotte (trote), OHG. trotta (trota), f.; lit. perhaps ‘place where the wine is pressed out by treading.’ A derivative of the Teut. root tred (trod), which has been discussed under treten (see also the preceding word). For a term adopted with the Southern culture of the vine, see under Kelter (comp. also Torkel).

Trotz, m., ‘boldness, obstinacy, defiance,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) trotz, of which the more usual forms are MidHG. tratz, trutz, m., ‘refractoriness’; allied to MidHG. tratzen, tretzen, ‘to defy,’ tratz, ‘insolent, defiant, obstinate.’ The word is unknown to OHG. and the other OTeut. dialects, but there is no reason to suppose that it has been borrowed. —

trotz, prep., ‘in spite of,’ is based on the MidHG. interj. tratz (trotz), ‘I defy you.’

trübe, adj., ‘turbid, gloomy, dull, dim,’ from MidHG. truëbe, adj. (truobe, adv.), OHG. truobi, adj., ‘obscure, gloomy, dull’; allied to trüben, ‘to darken, tarnish, cast a gloom over,’ MidHG. truëben, OHG. truoben, ‘to darken, sadden.’ Comp. AS. drôf, ‘dirty, troubled,’ Du. droef, ‘dull, sad,’ Goth. drôbjan, ‘to confuse, lead astray, excite commotion,’ AS. drêfan, ‘to disturb, agitate, trouble.’ In the non-Teut. languages there are no certain cognates of the Teut. root dr(illegible text)b, ‘to confuse.’ —

Trübsal, n., ‘affliction, distress,’ from MidHG. trüebesal, OHG. truobisal; an abstract of trüben.

Trubel, m., ‘confusion, trouble,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. trouble.

Truchseß, m., ‘lord high-steward,’ from the equiv. MidHG. truh-, truht-sœȥe (-sœtze), OHG. truhsûȥȥo (zz). The MidLat. rendering, ‘dapifer, discophorus,’ shows that the word signified ‘he who serves the food.’ Yet MidHG. and OHG. truht is not used in the sense of ‘food’; it signifies ‘that which can be carried’ (a derivative of tragen), and might thus mean also ‘the food, served up.’ On account of MidHG. and OHG. truht, ‘crowd, troop,’ others with greater reason regard MidHG. truhsœȥe as ‘he who sits with the retainers (or at the head of the table), provides for their maintenance (hence dapifer) and assigns to them their places at table.’ The word is also found in LG. dialects; comp. LG. Drostei, ‘district of a Droste’ (high bailiff; MidDu. drossâte); Du. drossaard, ‘high bailiff.’

Trüffel, f., ‘truffle,’ ModHG. only; corresponding to Du. truffel, E. truffle, Fr. truffe, Span. trufa. The equiv. Ital. tartufo shows that the word is connected with Kartoffel, which see.

Trug, m., ‘deception, illusion,’ ModHG. only, allied to trügen, older triegen, which is derived from the equiv. MidHG. triegen, OHG. triogan, str. vb., corresponding to OSax. bidriogan, ‘to cheat, deceive.’ To these are allied Teut. draumo-, ‘phantom’ (see Traum), as well as OIc. draugr, ‘ghost,’ OSax. gidrog, MidHG. getroc (g), ‘ghost’ (comp. also Zwerg). The Teut. root drū̆g (dwerg), ‘to deceive,’ contained in these words, is based on an Aryan root dhrū̆gh (dhwergh), ‘to overreach, injure’; comp. Sans. druh, ‘to injure (by deceit, craftiness, or enchantment),’ OPers. drauga, ‘lie,’ Zend draoga, ‘lying’ (druj, ‘ghost’).

Truhe, f., ‘trunk, chest,’ from MidHG. truhe (*trucke is indicated by dial. Trucke), OHG. truha (truccha), f., ‘chest, cupboard,’ OIc. þró (from þrū̆h), and AS. þrûk, ‘chest, drawer,’ seem to be allied in meaning although the sounds do not entirely correspond. In any case Lat. truncus, ‘trunk’ (of a tree) is not allied. If AS. þrûh is not identical with HG. Truhe (MidLat. trucca), the latter may be connected with Trog; Truhe (lit. ‘wooden vessel’) would then be Aryan drū̆k- (drukn-).

Trumm, m., ‘end, stomp, fragment,’ which is found besides only in the plur. Trümmer, ‘fragments, ruins,’ is based on MidHG. and OHG. drum, n., ‘end, piece, end-piece, splinter’; comp. OIc. þrǫmr, ‘brim, edge, verge,’ E. (AS.) thrum, ‘end-piece.’ Teut. þramu- (þrumu-), from Aryan trmo-, has rightly been connected with Lat. terminus, Gr. τέρμα, ‘boundary, conclusion, end.’

Trumpf, m., ‘trump,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Fr. triomphe (Ital. trionfo), whence also Du. troef, E. trump; properly identical therefore with Lat. triumphus; hence lit. ‘triumphant, victorious card.’ Comp. Treff.

Trunk, m., ‘drink, draught,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. trunc, allied to trinken.

trunken, adj., ‘drunken, intoxicated,’ from the equiv. MidHG. trunken, OHG. trunchan. An old partic. without the prefix ge (see feist), and with an active sense too, ‘he who has drunk’ (comp. Lat. potus), then ‘he who has drunk immoderately’; similarly Du. dronken, E. drunk, and Goth. drugkans.

Trupp, m., ‘troop, band, gang,’ ModHG. only, from Ital. truppa.

Truthahn, m., ‘turkey-cock,’ ModHG. only; Trut is probably an imitation of the cry of the bird.

Tuch, n., ‘cloth, stuff; kerchief,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tuoch, OHG. tuoh (hh), m. and n.; comp. OLG. dôk, Du. doek, ‘cloth.’ To these is also allied OIc. dúkr, ‘cloth,’ whence E. duck (canvas). On account of the OIc. signification ‘table-cloth,’ Tuch has been compared with Goth. gadauka, ‘messmate.’ The early history of the West Teut. dôko-, ‘cloth’ (from pre-Teut. dhâgo-), is obscure.

tüchtig, adj., ‘fit, able, qualified, excellent,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) tühtic (g), ‘serviceable, brave, sturdy’; allied to MidHG. (MidG.) tuht, f., ‘ability, fitness,’ an abstract of ModHG. taugen (comp. also Tugend). Corresponding to Du. deugdelijk, AS. dyhtig, E. doughty.

Tücke, f., ‘trick, spite, malice,’ from MidHG. tücke; properly plur. of older ModHG. Tuck, MidHG. tuc(k), duc (ck), m., ‘blow, push, rapid movement, sly trick, sleight of hand, craftiness.’ The word is wanting in OHG. and the other OTeut. languages, hence its earlier form cannot be discovered.

Tuff, Tuffstein, m., ‘tufa, tuff,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tufstein (tub-, tupf-stein); formed from Ital. tufo (Fr. tuf), based on Lat. tôphus.

Tugend, f., ‘virtue, chastity,’ from MidHG. tugent, tugende, f., ‘manly excellence, power, good quality, virtue’; OHG. tugund, f., as a derivative of tugan (see taugen), signifies lit. ‘serviceableness, fitness.’ Goth. *dugunþus (derivative unþu-, from pre-Teut. entu-) is also indicated by AS. duguþ.

Tülle, f., ‘socket,’ MidHG. tülle, n., ‘ferule for fastening an iron point on a handle’ (usually ‘partition of boards, palisade’). OHG. has no corresponding form *tulli (Goth. *dulja-), which might be connected by gradation with ModHG. Thal (Tülle, lit. ‘deepening’). Others consider Fr. douille (from Lat. ductile, ‘channel’), ‘socket,’ as the ultimate source of MidHG. tülle. Fr. tuyau (E. tewel), Span. tudel, ‘pipe,’ are certainly not allied. The abnormal double sense of MidHG. tülle has not, however, been explained.

Tulpe, f., ‘tulip,’ earlier ModHG. Tulipan, from the equiv. Ital. tulipa, tulipano.

-tum, suffix, from MidHG. and OHG. -tuom; an abstract suffix, which has been formed in compounds from an independent word tuom, m. and n., ‘relation, rank, dignity, condition.’ This is an abstract form of ModHG. thun. Comp. the corresponding Eng. suffix -dom in kingdom. Eng. has preserved the independent word doom (AS. dôm), to which to deem (AS. dêman) is allied; comp. Sans. dhâman, ‘institution, sacred custom.’

Tümpel, m., ‘pool, deep part of a lake’; a MidG. form for MidHG. tümpfel, ‘deep place in flowing or standing water, pool, puddle,’ OHG. tumfilo, m., ‘whirlpool’ (whence the equiv. Ital. tonfano). A derivative of the nasalized root dup, ‘to be deep’ (see taufen, tief), which appears also in E. dimple, Du. dompelen, ‘to dive, plunge,’ dompelaar, ‘diver’ (bird). Pre-Teut. dhumb, ‘to be deep,’ is also assumed by Lith. dumbu, ‘to get hollow.’ Comp. also Topf.

tünchen, vb., ‘to whitewash, plaster,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tünchen, OHG. tunihhôn, mostly mit chalche tunihhôn. The additional expression in OHG. leads to the assumption that tunihhôn means lit. ‘to clothe,’ from OHG. tunihha, ‘dress’ (borrowed, like AS. tunuce, from Lat. tunica). The Germans still say eine Wand mit Tünche bekleiden, ‘to give a coat of limewash to a wall’ (comp. E. to coat and coat). With this agrees Ital. intonicare, ‘to plaster, rouge’ (intonico, intonicato, ‘plaster’). Note that Lat. tunica, Ital. tonica, also signifies ‘covering.’ The Lat.-Ital. word was borrowed at the beginning of the OHG. period; had it been borrowed earlier it would have appeared as *zunihha in OHG. It cannot have been introduced much later than Fenster and Turm.

tunken, vb., ‘to dip, steep, soak,’ from MidHG. tunken, dunken, OHG. tunchôn, dunchôn, wk. vb., ‘to immerse.’ The OHG. variant thunkôn leads to a Goth. *þugkôn, which must be allied to Lat. tingere, ‘to moisten, dip,’ and to Gr. τέγγω, ‘to soften, moisten.’ Hence tunken cannot be connected with tauchen.

Tüpfel, m., ‘dot, iota’; diminut. of earlier ModHG. Tupf, m., which is based on topfe, OHG. topfo, ‘point.’ Goth. *duppa (*duppila) is wanting. Probably cognate with tief.

Turm (UpG. and Rhen. Turn), m., ‘tower, steeple,’ from the equiv. MidHG. turm, with the variant turn (torm, torn), m.; in OHG. only turra and turri, which correspond to the equiv. Lat. turris. The final m of the MidHG. word has not yet been explained, nor the n of ODu. turn, Du. toren, UpG. turn; AS. tûr, E. tower, with the variant AS. torr, ‘tower,’ also present a difficulty. Comp. further Fr. tour, Ital. torre, from Lat. turris.

turnen, vb., ‘to practise gymnastics,’ ModHG. only; no corresponding word is found in MidHG., which has only turnei, ‘tournament,’ turnieren, ‘to hold a tournament, tilt,’ borrowed from Fr. The ModHG. word is probably derived from Fr. tourner, ‘to turn, turn round.’

Turteltaube, f., ‘turtle-dove,’ from the equiv. MidHG. turteltûbe (türteltube), OHG. turtul-, turtil-tûba, f.; borrowed and corrupted in the OHG. period (in connection with the Biblical texts) from Lat. turtur, whence also Du. tortelduif, AS. and E. turtle. Comp. also Ital. tortora, Fr. tourtre, tourtereau.

Tusch, m., ‘flourish of trumpets’; interj., ‘hush! tush!’ ModHG only; a recent formation imitating a sound.

Tusche, f., ‘Indian-ink,’ ModHG. only; from Fr. toucher, ‘to paint, delineate, ink.’

tuten, vb., ‘to blow a horn,’ ModHG. only; a recent onomatopoetic word.

Tüttel, m., ‘dot,’ ModHG. only; entirely distinct from Titel. It is identical with MidHG. tüttel (tütelîn), n., ‘nipple, teat’: dimin. of the equiv. OHG. tutta, MidHG. tutte.

Twing, m., see zwingen.