Birds of North and Middle America, part V/Genus 6. Thamnophilus Vieillot

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Genus THAMNOPHILUS Vieillot.

Thamnophilus[1] Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 40; Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 308.[2] (Type, Pie-Grieche rayee — Fourmillier huppé Buffon = Lanius doliatus Linnæus.)
Tamnophilus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 70. — D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1849 (Synop. Av., p. 10).

Medium-sized Formicariidæ (length about 150-160 mm.) with bill much shorter than head, not compressed, its terminal unguis small; adult males with under parts (usually upper parts also) conspicuously barred with black and white, or (in T. virgatus) dull slate-gray streaked with whitish; adult females and young tawny or rufous above, ochraceous or buff below.[3]

Bill much shorter than head (exposed culmen shorter than middle toe with claw), broader than deep at frontal antiæ, where its width is equal to much more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen broad, indistinctly ridged, slightly convex from ​near base, more strongly decurved terminally, the tip of mandible distinctly but not strongly uncinate; maxillary tomium faintly concave, distinctly notched subterminally ; mandibular tomium nearly straight, minutely but distinctly notched and toothed subterminally, the tip of mandible acute, recurved; gonys moderately convex, ascending terminally, rather prominent basally. Nostril exposed, broadly longitudinally oval, with the internal tubercle barely visible in upper posterior portion. Rictal bristles present but very small, shorter than the terminal setæ to feathers of chin. Wing moderate, with longest primaries projecting slightly but decidedly beyond secondaries; fifth and sixth primaries longest, the seventh but little shorter; tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as longest, the ninth shorter than secondaries. Tail about as long as wing (at least five-sixths as long), much rounded (graduation equal to or exceeding length of exposed culmen), the retrices (12) moderately broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus equal to or longer than commissure, about one-third as long as wing, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two longitudinal series, elongate-quadrate or lozenge shaped; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus (toe alone shorter than exposed culmen); outer toe, without claw, reaching to or a little beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe a little shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, united to inner toe for about half its length; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux much shorter than its digit. Plumage full, lax, and blended, that of the rump elongated, fluffy; feathers of crown and occiput (especially the latter) elongated, distinctly outlined, forming a distinct but not conspicuous decumbent crest.

Coloration. — Adult males with under parts (usually the upper also) conspicuously barred with black and white, or else (in T. virgatus) dull slate-gray, streaked with whitish; adult females and young tawny or rufescent above, ochraceous or buffy below.

Nidification. — Nest pensile, suspended from a fork like that of a Vireo. Eggs white or creamy white, marked with brownish spots or streaks.

Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About ten species, not including subspecies.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP THAMNOPHILUS.[4]

a. Plumage wholly black and white, in transverse bars.

b. Pileum wholly black. (Eastern Panamá, including San Miguél Island, and Caribbean coast of Colombia.)
Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus, adult male (p. 37).
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bb. Pileum partly white.
c. Pileum with more or less of white on basal portion of feathers. (Thamnophilus doliatus.)
d. Darker, with white bars of upper parts narrower and black bars of under parts broader.
e. Wing averaging longer (75.5 in adult male),[5] tail relatively shorter (averaging 63 in adult male). (Guianas; Venezuela?).
Thamnophilus doliatus doliatus, adult male (extralimital).[6]
ee. Wing averaging shorter (72.6 in adult male), tail relatively longer (averaging 62.8 in adult male). (Atlantic slope of Mexico, except Yucatan and Campeche, and Central America.)
Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus, adult male (p. 40).
dd. Paler, with white bars of upper parts broader and black bars of under parts narrower.
e. Averaging smaller (wing averaging 70.1, tail 58.4), with black bars on under parts usually broader. (Pacific slope, from Chiapas to western Panama.)
Thamnophilus doliatus pacificus, adult male (p. 43).
ee. Averaging larger (wing averaging 72, tail 63.2), with black bars on under parts usually narrower. (Yucatan and Campeche.)
Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis, adult male (p. 44).
cc. Pileum spotted or barred with white. (Eastern Panama and Colombia.)
Thamnophilus multistriatus, adult male (p. 45).

aa. Plumage largely rufescent (back, wings, etc., plain chestnut or tawny).

b. Under parts dull slate-gray streaked with whitish. (Thamnophilus virgatics.)
c. Wings and tail clearer chestnut-tawny (more rufescent); white streaks on pileum broader, those on under parts extended over greater part of abdomen. (Northwestern Colombia.)
Thamnophilus virgatus virgatus (p. 46).
cc. Wings and tail duller chestnut-tawny (more cinnamomeous); white streaks on pileum narrower, those on under parts also narrower and on abdomen confined to median line. (Central Colombia.)
Thamnophilus virgatus nigriceps (extralimital).[7]
bb. Under parts buffy or tawny (with or without transverse bars).
c. Under parts distinctly barred with blackish.
Thamnophilus multistriatus, adult female (p. 45).
cc. Under parts not distinctly if at all barred.
Thamnophilus radiatus and subspecies, adult female.[8]
Thamnophilus doliatus and subspecies, adult female.[8]
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THAMNOPHILUS RADIATUS NIGRICRISTATUS (Lawrence).

BLACK-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE.

Similar to T. doliatus and its subspecies[9] but adult males with elongated feathers of pileum entirely black. Still more like T. radiatus radiatus[10] but coloration darker, in both sexes.

Adult male. — Pileum, except sides of occiput (supra-auricular region) and more or less of forehead, uniform black (without concealed white, except, sometimes, a very little on the occiput); rest, of upper parts black barred, more or less broadly, with white, the white bars never as wide as the black interspaces, sometimes reduced to transverse spots; forehead usually more or less (sometimes extensively) streaked with white; sides of occiput (supra-auricular region), streaked with black and white, the black streaks usually broader than the white ones; auricular and malar regions and sides of neck similarly streaked, but the black streaks rather narrower; under parts white, the chin and throat usually streaked (sometimes broadly) with black, the remaining under parts (except, sometimes, abdomen) barred with black, the black bars usually much narrower than the white interspaces but sometimes nearly as broad, especially on flanks; maxilla blackish, paler on tomium; mandible grayish (sometimes whitish terminally and on tomium), bluish gray in life; iris straw color;[11] legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life ?); length (skins), 138-158 (149); wing, 67.5-72 (70.2); tail, 54-61 (56.8); culmen, 17-19.5 (18.3); tarsus, 26-27.5 (26.7); middle toe, 14.5-17 (16.4).[12]

Adult female. — Pileum deep chestnut, becoming paler (more tawny) on forehead; hindneck broadly streaked with black and ochraceous or tawny; wings and tail uniform deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut- rufous, the back, scapulars, and rump similar but usually lighter and more tawny-rufous; sides of head (including supra-auricular region) buffy whitish, buffy, ochraceous, or pale tawny, streaked (except on lores) with black, the black streaks broader on supra- auricular region, narrower (sometimes nearly obsolete) on anterior portion of malar region; chin and throat immaculate, very pale buffy ​to ochraceous-buff; rest of under parts plain deep buff to nearly ochraceous-buff (or between ochraceous-buff and clay color); length (skins), 134-155 (147); wing, 67-71 (68.6); tail, 54-59 (56.3); culmen, 17-20 (18.7); tarsus, 25-27 (26.1); middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.8).[13]

​State of Panamá (Panamá; Sabana de Panamá; Paraiso Station; Loma del León; Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Calobre, and Calovévora, Verágua; San Miguél Island ?);[14] Caribbean coast district of Colombia (Cartagena; Santa Marta).

Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linnæus) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 293 (Lion Hill, Panamá). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Lion Hill).
Thamnophilus radiatus (not of Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Panamá; crit.). — Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 194 (Chitra and Calovévora, Verágua, Panamá).
[Thamnophilus] radiatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part (Panama).
Thamnophilus nigricristatus Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 107 (Lion Hill, Panamá; coll. G. N. Lawrence). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, 581, footnote (crit.). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xv, 1890, 209, part (Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Paraiso Station, and Panamá, Panamá; Santa Marta, Colombia). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 204, part (Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Calovévora, Calobre, Paraiso Station, and Lion Hill, Panamá). — Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 150 (San Miguél I., Panamá), 216 (Sabana de Panamá).
[Thamnophilus] nigricristatus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15 (Panamá; Colombia).
Th[amnophilus] nigricristatus nigricristatus Hellmatr, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, May 22, 1903, 217.
Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 118 (Panamá).
Thamnophilus doliatus nigricristatus Bangs, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 30 (San Miguél I., Panamá).
Thamnophilus affinis (not of Spix, 1825, D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, nor Cabanis and Heine, 1859) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Panamá).
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THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS MEXICANUS Allen.

MEXICAN ANTSHRIKE.

Similar in coloration to T. d. doliatus,[15] but wing averaging much shorter and tail relatively longer.

Adult male. — Above black, the forehead spotted or streaked, more or less, with white, the elongated feathers of crown white (mostly concealed) with a large apical guttate spot of black, the remaining upper parts barred with white (the white bars always much less than half as wide as the black interspaces), the white bars on rectrices and tertials not reaching to shaft (except terminal bar on tertials); sides of head, chin, and throat streaked with black and white, the first with the two colors about equal in amount, the chin and throat with the white usually predominating; rest of underparts broadly and sharply barred with black and white, the bars of the two colors of nearly equal width, except (sometimes) on center of abdomen, where the black bars are narrower; maxilla brownish black, pale grayish blue along tomium; mandible pale grayish blue; iris yellow; legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue in life); length (skins), 138-167 (156.5) ; wing, 68.5-78.5 (72.6); tail, 57.5-69 (62.8); culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.6); tarsus, 25-28 (26.6); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.5).[16]

Immature male. — Similar to the adult male but plumage more or less strongly suffused with pale ochraceous.

Adult female. — Pileum bright chestnut or rufous-chestnut, paler on forehead; supra-auricular region, hindneck and sides of neck light ochraceous or buffy (sometimes buffy whitish on sides of neck), broadly streaked with black; rest of upper parts plain cinnamon- rufous or tawny-chestnut, usually paler and tinged, more or less, with olive-ochraceous on rump and upper back; a narrow orbital ring of buff or buffy white; loral, suborbital auricular, and malar regions buff or buffy whitish, more or less streaked or flecked with black (most heavily on auricular region); chin and throat pale buff to ochraceous-buff, often more or less streaked (mostly laterally or posteriorly) with black or dusky; rest of underparts ochraceous or ochraceous-buff, deepest on chest and sides, paler on abdomen, where sometimes pale buff; usually the underparts are quite immaculate, but rarely there are indications of dusky bars on breast and tibia, and often more or less distinct blackish or dusky spots or streaks on upper chest; under wing-coverts clear buff or ochraceous- buff, the inner webs of remiges broadly edged with pinkish vinaceous- buff or vinaceous-cinnamon; maxilla dark brown or blackish brown, whitish (in dried skins) along tomium; mandible pale horn color or dull whitish in dried skins (light bluish gray in life); iris white or ​pale yellow; legs and feet grayish dusky or horn color (bluish gray in life); length (skins), 140-166 (155); wing, 65.5-77 (71.8); tail, 56-68 (62.2); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.4); tarsus, 25.5-29 (26.8); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.8).[17]

Young female (first plumage). — Somewhat like the adult female but duller rufous or rufous-tawny above; the pileum, back, scapulars, and rump rather broadly barred with blackish; underparts pale bufly, deeper on chest, everywhere (except on lower abdomen) irregularly barred (more spotted on throat) with dusky.

Eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Alta Mira), Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Jalapa; Coátepec; Córdova; Huatusco; Choapám; Misantla; Orizaba; Miradór; Tlalcotalpám; Otatitlán; Papantla; Tolosa; Buena Vista; Potrero), Puebla (Teziutlan; Met​laltoyuca), San Luis Potosí (Vallés), Guanajuato?, Oaxaca (Choapám; Tomatla; Hueytalco; Tonaguia; Santa Efigénia; Tapana; Túxtepec; mountains near Santo Domingo), Tabasco (Teapa; Frontera) and Chiapas (Yajalón; Huehuetán), through Guatemala (Choctúm; Dueñas; Cajabón; SanGerónimo; Cobán; Chapulco; Los Amates, Yzabál; Rio Managua), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Belize; San Antonio; Cayo; Toledo District; Manatee Lagoon), Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro; San Pedro Sula; Truxillo; Santa Ana; Céiba) and eastern Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sábalos; Rio Escondido; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua) to eastern Costa Rica (Jiménez; Juan Viñas/Guayabo; Cartago?; Naranjo de Cartago?; Sarchí?; Boruca?).

(?) Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linnæus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala; descr.). — Frantzius, Journ. für Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).
Thamnophilus doliatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 217, part (monogr.); 1859, 383 (Choapám, Oaxaca; Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 207, part. — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 118 (Dueñas, Guatemala; habits). — Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Costa Rica). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 1869, 556 (temperate reg. Vera Cruz, up to 1250 m.). — Boucard, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 38. — Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 156 (Teziutlán, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Zeledón, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 144, part (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and Jiménez, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 202, part (Tampico, Tamaulipas; Jalapa, Cóatepec, Misantla, Orizaba, Huatusco, Córdova, Choapám, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Tomatla, Hueytalco, Tonaguia, Santa Efigénia, and Tapana, Oaxaca; Teapa, Tabasco; Orange Walk, Belize, San António and Cayo, Brit. Honduras; Choctúm, Cajabón, Chiséc, Cobán, and San Gerónimo, Guatemala; Omoa, San Pedro, and Truxillo, Honduras; Los Sábalos and Greytown, Nicaragua; Jiménez, Cartago, and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 500 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; babits). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 150 (Céiba, Honduras; crit.). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 109, part (Los Amates, Yzabál, Guatemala).
Thamnophilus doliatus? Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras).
[Thamnophilus] doliatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 197, part. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15, part.
(?) Thamnophilus rutilus (not of Vieillot, 1816) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala; descr.;=?).
T[hamnophilus] affinis (not Thamnophilus affinis Spix, 1825, nor of D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837) Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 17 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).
Thamnophilus affinis {{sc|Lawrence]], Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 182 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 107, part (Sarchí, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. für Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (Honduras).
Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, June 28, 1889, 151 (new name for Thamnophilus affinis Cabanis and Heine, preoccupied; crit.). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, 630 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 32 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — ​Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 192 (geog. range). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 603 (Caribbean foothills, n. e. Costa Rica; habits).— Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Guayabo, Costa Rica).
Thamnophilus intermedius Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888, 581 (Truxillo, Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS PACIFICUS Ridgway.

PACIFIC ANTSHRIKE.

Similar to T. d. mexicanus but adult male with under parts decidedly paler (black bars decidedly, sometimes very much, narrower than white interspaces, and black streaks on throat very narrow);[18] adult female not constantly if at all different, but sometimes paler, either above or below.

Adult male. — Length (skins), 141-163 (149); wing, 67-74.5 (70.1); tail, 55-65 (58.4); culmen, 18-20.5 (19.4); tarsus, 25-27.5 (26.1); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.3).[19]

Adult female. — Length (skins), 130-158 (145); wing, 65.5-72 (68.4); tail, 55-63 (57.8); culmen, 17-19.5 (19.3); tarsus, 24.5-27 (26.3); middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.5).[20]

Pacific slope of Central America, from western Panamá (Divala; Chitra; Davíd; Bugaba; Calovévora), through Costa Rica (Pozo Azúl de Pirrís; Buenos Aires; Boruca; Lagarto; Paso Reál; Puriscál; San Mateo; Bebedero; Coyolár; La Palma de Nicoya; Barranca de Puntarenas; San Carlos; Surubres; Miravalles; San José; Sarchí; Coralillo; Bolsón; El Generál; Boca de Barranca; Escazú?), Nicaragua (Sucuyá; Chinandega; Volcan de Chinandega; 2 leagues south of Lake Manágua; Realejo) and Guatemala (Naranjo; San Jose; Lake Amatitlán) to Chiapas (San Bartolomé).

(?) Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linnæus) Cabanis, Journ. für Orn., 1861, 242 (Costa Rica).
Thamnophilus doliatus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (David, Panama). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Mateo, Costa Rica). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 385 (Sucuyá, Nicaragua; habits; notes). — Zeledón, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, 1887, 114, part (Pozo Azúl, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 202, part (Chinandega, Volcan de Chinandega, and Sucuyá, Nicaragua; San José, San Mateo, Sarchí, Bebedero, La Palma de Nicoya, and Pozo Azúl, Costa Rica; Davíd and Bugaba, Panamá). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 41 (Lagarto, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Bebedero, Costa Rica). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 109 (Lake Amatitlán and San José, Guatemala, up to 4,000 ft.). — Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca, Paso Reál, Lagarto, and Barranca de Puntarenas, w. Costa Rica). ​
[Thamnophilus] doliatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 197, part. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15, part.
Thamnophilus doliatus? Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (David, Panamá).
Thamnophilus affinis (not of Spix, 1825, Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny, 1837, nor Cabanis and Heine, 1859) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (San José, Sarchí, and San Mateo, Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194 (Bugaba, Panamá; crit.).
Thamnophilus doliatus affinis Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 397 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits).
Thamnophilus radiatus (not of Vieillot) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194, (Chitra and Calovévora, Panamá).
Thamnophilus nigricristatus (not of Lawrence) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).
Thamnophilus doliatus pacificus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193 (Chinandega, Nicaragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 604 (Pacific lowlands and lower slopes, rarely to 3,500 ft., Costa Rica; habits).

THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS YUCATANENSIS Ridgway.

YUCATAN ANTSHRIKE.

Similar to T. d. pacificus but adult male mth black bars on under parts usually narrower; adult female similar to that of T. d. pacificus but upper parts (except pileum) averaging more ochraceous (less rufescent), with wings (sometimes back and tail also) showing more or less distinct indications of dusky bars; averaging larger.

Adult male. — Length (skins), 146-162 (157); wing, 69.5-75.5 (72.1); tail, 60.5-65 (63.2); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.1); tarsus, 24-27 (26.2); middle toe, 14-16 (15.2).[21] Adult female. — Length (skins), 155-163 (159); wing, 69-73.5 (71); tail, 62-67.5 (64); culmen, 19-20 (19.6); tarsus, 26.5-27.5 (27); middle toe, 15-16 (15.7).[22]

Yucatan (Mérida; Chichen-Itza; Buctzotz; Peto; Temáx; Meco Island; Cozumél Island) and Campeche (Yohaltaá).[23]

Thamnophilus affinis (not of Spix, 1825, D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, nor Cabanis and Heine, 1859) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 201 (Mérida, Yucatan). — Nehrkorn, Journ. für Orn., 1881, 67 (Yucatan; descr. eggs).
Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linnæus) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 450 (Yucatan). — Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 365 (Meco Island, Yucatan). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 202, part (Mérida, Buctzotz, Peto, Meco I., and Cozumél I., Yucatan). ​
Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus (not of Allen) Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 284 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; song). — Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 131 (Chichen-Itza).
Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193 (Temáx, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
[Thamnophilus] doliatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15, part.

THAMNOPHILUS MULTISTRIATUS Lafresnaye.

BARRED-CHESTED ANTSHRIKE.

Adult male. — Above black, rather narrowly barred with white, the bars on tips of feathers of pileum and hindneck sometimes partaking of the form of spots (a pair on tip of each feather, separated by a rather broad median space of black); sides of head, chin, and throat streaked with black and white, the streaks broadest on throat, narrower and confused or intermixed with bars on auricular and suborbital regions; under parts of body and under tail-coverts conspicuously barred with black and white, the bars of the two colors approximately equal in width, or the white ones wider, at least on the abdomen; maxilla brownish black, the tomium pale horn color (bluish gray in life ?); mandible light horn color, passing into pale yellowish terminally (bluish gray in life ?); legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life ?); length (skins), 148-156 (153); wing, 70-75 (72.5); tail, 61-66.5 (63.7); culmen, 18-20 (18.4); tarsus, 22.5-25 (23.9); middle toe, 14.5-16.5 (15.1).[24]

Adult female. — Above plain bright cinnamon-rufous or rufous- chestnut, somewhat interrupted on hindneck, the back and rump sometimes duller or more tawny and with faint indications of darker bars; sides of head and neck (including sides of hindneck), together with chin and throat, conspicuously streaked with black and white; rest of under parts white, passing into pale tawny brown or fulvous on flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, everywhere broadly barred with black, the bars much less distinct on flanks; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 141-151 (146); wing, 72-72.5 (72.2); tail, 64-67 (65.5); culmen, 17-18.5 (17.7); tarsus, 24; middle toe, 15-15.5 (15.2).[25]

Immature male. — Similar to the adult male, but plumage suffused, more or less, with pale fulvous or brownish buff.

Young (male ?). — Similar in general coloration to the adult female but pileum mostly black, scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts distinctly barred with dull black, and rump indistinctly barred with dusky; black bars on under parts rather narrow, the ground color very pale buff or buffy white.

​Panamá[26] and Colombia (Bogotá; Remédios, Medellín and Concórdia, Antioquía; Ocaña; Bucaramanga; Rio Cauca).

Thamnophilus multistriatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., vii, March, 1844, 82 (Colombia). — Sclater, Edinb. Philos. Journ., new ser., i, 1855, 238; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 148 (Bogotá, Colombia); 1858, 219 (Bogotá); Cat. Am. B., 1862, 175 (Bogotá); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 211, part (Bogotá, Medellin, and Concórdia, Colombia; "Panama;" excl. syn. T. tenuifasciatus Lawrence).[27] — Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 331 (near Ocaña, Colombia, 4,000 ft. alt.). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 524 (Concordia and Medellín, Antioquía, Colombia; descr. nest and eggs). — Berlepsch, Journ. für Orn., 1884, 307 (Bucaramanga, Colombia). — Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 306 (Antioquia, Colombia; crit.).
[Thamnophilus] multistriatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 16 (Panamá; Colombia; Ecuadór).

THAMNOPHILUS VIRGATUS VIRGATUS Lawrence.

TURBO ANTSHRIKE.

Adult male. — Head and neck, above and laterally, black, each feather with a conspicuous mesial guttate streak of buffy white; under parts, including chin and throat, dull slate-gray, similarly but more broadly streaked, as far back as the lower abdomen, where the streaks become obsolete and the ground color paler and more buffy gray; under tail-coverts cinnamon with narrow shaft-streaks of paler; thighs deeper cinnamon, or russet; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of primaries deep cinnamon-buff; back and scapulars tawny-chestnut, changing on rump to a paler and duller, more fulvous, hue; wings and tail clear chestnut; length (skin), about 1.45; wing, 75; tail, 57; exposed culmen (tip of bill broken off); tarsus, 25; middle toe, 15.

Northwestern Colombia (Turbo), near eastern extremity of Isthmus of Panama.

This very distinct species is very unlike any other known to me. It is about the size of T. palliatus (Lichtenstein), and has the back, wings, and tail similar in color, but has the pileum, hindneck, and under parts conspicuously streaked with white instead of having the pileum plain black and under parts barred with white, the ground color of the under parts moreover being gray instead of black. There is a closer resemblance in coloration to Berlepschia rikeri (belonging ​to the Furnariidæ) , but the latter has the primaries, primary coverts, and alula sooty blackish, and under parts of the body spotted rather than streaked.

Thamnoplulus, sp.? Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 189 (Turbo, Colombia).
Thamnophihis virgatus Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 361 (Turbo, Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 199 (Turbo).
[Thamnophilus] virgatus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 12.

  1. ↑ From τάμνος, frutex, and φιλέω, gaudeo. (Vieillot.)
  2. ↑ Type given as "Lanius turdus Lath[am]."
  3. ↑ The female and young of T. virgatus unknown, however.
  4. ↑ Owing principally to lack of sufficient material this key is confined mainly to the forms belonging properly to the present work and is by no means as satisfactory as is desirable.
  5. ↑ No females of this form have been examined by me.
  6. ↑ [Lanius] doliatus Linnæus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 138 (South America; based on Lanius cayanensis striatus Brisson, Orn., ii, 187; etc.). — Thamnophilus doliatus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 315 (Cayenne); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XV, 1890, 207, part. — L[anius] (ferrugineus) (not of Gmelin, 1788) Richard and Bernard, Actes de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, i, pt. i, 1792, 116 (Cayenne). — Lanius (ferruginatus) Reich (G. C.), Mag. des Thierreichs, i, Abth. 3, 1795, 129 (emendation of L. ferrugineus Richard and Bernard). — Lanius rubiginosus Bechstein, Allgem. Übers. de Vögel, i, 1793, 696 (new name for L. ferrugineus Richard and Bernard); Latham, Index Orn., Suppl., 1801, p. xix.
  7. ↑ Thamnophilus nigriceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 571 (Bogotá, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xv, 1890, 194, pl. 12.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The differences between adult females of the several forms of these two species are not sufficiently definite to be intelligibly expressed in a key — at least not without expenditure of much more time than I am able to give the subject.
  9. ↑ The individual variation in this form seems to include as great extremes of coloration, as regards relative width of black and white bars in the adult male and intensity of coloration in the female, as is covered by the geographic variations in T. doliatus!
  10. ↑ Thamnophilus radiatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 315; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xv, 1890, 210. Several subspecies have been described, but I have not been able to secure sufficient material to enable me to characterize them satisfactorily. They are involved in much confusion and require careful revision.
  11. ↑ W. W. Brown, jr., on label.
  12. ↑ Thirteen specimens from Panama (mainland).
  13. ↑ Eight specimens from Panamá (mainland). The series examined from Panamá comprises three adult males in dark, heavily barred plumage, like the type, and ten which are more or less decidedly lighter in color, some of them indistinguishable, so far as I am able to see, from Colombian examples labeled Thamnophilus albicans. In fact, unless there are two forms of the species in Panamá, which is hardly probable, the individual variation in this species is much greater than in T. doliatus, which is reasonably constant within definite geographic areas. At present I have neither the material nor time necessary for more satisfactorily working out the problem, which, judging from the material examined, is a very complicated one. The following measurements of specimens belonging to the radiatus group are given below for comparison with those of Panamá examples:
    Locality. Wing. Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. Middle
    toe.
    males.
    Thirteen adult males (T. radiatus nigricristatus) from Panamá mainland 70.2 56.8 18.3 26.7 16.4
    Three adult males (T. radiatus nigricristatus?) from San Miguél Island 73.3 57.8 18.8 26.6 16.2
    One adult male (T. radiatus nigricristatus?) from Cartagena, Colombia 70.5 57 18 27 16
    One adult male (T. radiatus nigricristatus?) from Santa Marta, Colombia 71.5 53 18.5 26 16
    Four adult males (T. radiatus albicans?) from Bogotá, Colombia 75.5 61.7 19.4 26 15.8
    Six adult males (T. radiatus subradiatus) from Upper Amazons 72.7 59.4 18.5 26.3 15.6
    One adult male (T. radiatus -?) from Lower Amazons 78 64 19 25.5 17
    One adult male (T. radiatus difficilis) from Goyaz, Brazil 74 64 19 27 16
    Four adult males (T. radiatus capistratus) from Bahia, Brazil 77 65 18.5 26.5 16
    Ten adult males (T. radiatus radiatus) from southern Brazil and Paraguay 74.1 63.8 17.6 26.6 15.8
    females.
    Eight adult females from Panamá (mainland) 68.6 56.3 18.7 26.1 15.8
    Five adult females from San Miguél Island 72.4 56.9 18.3 26.6 15.5
    One adult female from Cartagena, Colombia 67 52.5 18 26.5 15
    One adult female from Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia 72.5 60 19.5 27.5 15.5
    One adult female from Bogotá, Colombia 73.5 59 18.5 28 16
    Three adult females from Upper Amazons 70.5 58.2 19.2 26.2 16.2
    One adult female from Ceara, Brazil 75 62 17.5 27 16
    One adult female from Goyaz, Brazil 73.5 61.5 18 27 15.5
    One adult female from Bahia, Brazil 72 63 17.5 23.5 14.5
    Two adult females from Chapada, Mattogrosso, Brazil 71.2 62.7 18 26.3 16
  14. ↑ The birds of San Miguel Island possibly separable, perhaps referable to T. r. albicans, on account of their larger size.
  15. ↑ True T. doliatus is confined to Cayenne, Surinam, and British Guiana (see p. 36).
  16. ↑ Twenty-nine specimens.
  17. ↑ Thirty-four specimens.
    Locality. Wing. Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. Middle
    toe.
    males.
    Ten adult males from Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Tabasco, e. Mexico 73.7 65.5 19.7 27.8 16.2
    Nine adult males from Guatemala (6) and Chiapas (3) 70.5 62.1 19.6 26.6 15.4
    Ten adult males from Honduras 72.6 60.2 19.6 26.1 15.2
    Six adult males from eastern Nicaragua 71.4 58.7 19.2 26.4 15.4
    Ten adult males (T. d. yucatanensis) from Yucatan (9) and Campeche (1) 72.1 63.2 19.1 26.2 15.2
    One adult male (T. d. pacificus?) from western Chiapas 74 65 19 27 16
    Three adult males (T. d. pacificus) from western Nicaragua 68 55.7 19.2 25.7 15.2
    Ten adult males (T. d. pacificus) from western Costa Rica 70.6 59.2 19.5 26 15.1
    Five adult males from (T. d. pacificus) from western Panamá 69.7 57.1 19.5 26.2 15.5
    Three adult males (T. d. doliatus?) from Venezuela (mainland) 69 56 18.8 26 14.8
    Three adult males (T. d. doliatus?) from Margarita I., Venezuela 70.2 54.7 18.3 24.8 14.2
    Five adult males (T. d. doliatus) from Guianas 75.5 63 19.4 26 15.9
    Ten adult males (T. d. fraterculus) from Trinidád 71.1 57.5 19.8 26.6 15.4
    Four adult males (T. d. fraterculus) from Tobago 74 59.1 19.7 27.4 14.9
    females.
    Twelve adult females from Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Tabasco 71.8 65.2 19.4 27.2 15.8
    Nine adult females from Guatemala (7) and Chiapas (2) 68.7 61.5 19.1 26.6 15.4
    Seven adult females from Honduras 72.6 61 19.3 26.7 15.6
    Five adult females from eastern Nicaragua 68.3 58 18.9 26.2 15
    One adult female from eastern Costa Rica 69 60.5 18.5 26 15.5
    Four adult females ( T. d. yucatanensis) from Yucatan 71 64 19.6 27 16
    One adult female (T. d. pacificus?) from western Chiapas 72 63 19 27 16.5
    One adult female (T. d. pacificus) from western Nicaragua 71 59 19 26.5 15.5
    Nine adult females (T. d. pacificus) from western Costa Rica 67.8 57.5 19 26.1 15.6
    Six adult females (T. d. pacificus) from western Panamá 68.2 57.2 18.7 26 15.4
    Two adult females (T. d. doliatus?) from Venezuela (mainland) 68.7 58.7 18.2 25 15.2
    Three adult females (T. d. doliatus?) from Margarita I., Venezuela 69.2 55.7 18.2 25.5 15
    Six adult females (T. d. fraterculus) from Trinidád 69 56 18.7 26.6 15.3
    Three adult females (T. d. fraterculus) from Tobago 73 57.5 18.8 26.2 15.2
  18. ↑ The adult male is almost precisely similar in coloration to that of Thamnophilus doliatus fraterculus Berlepsch and Hartert (Novit. Zool., ix, April, 1902, 70; Altagracia, Venezuela; coll. Count von Berlepsch) of Venezuela and Tobago.
  19. ↑ Nineteen specimens.
  20. ↑ Thirteen specimens.
  21. ↑ Ten specimens.
  22. ↑ Four specimens.
  23. ↑ Specimens from Alta Mira and Tampico in Tamaulipaa and Vallés, San Luís Potosí, come very near to the Yucatan form in coloration, and it is possible the latter may extend thus far northward along the narrow arid coast-belt. Specimens from Frontera, Tabasco, are intermediate in coloration between T. d. yucatanensis and T. d. mexicanus.
  24. ↑ Seven specimens.
  25. ↑ Two specimens.
  26. ↑ According to Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xv, 1890, 211. I have seen only Colombian examples, however, and the species is omitted from the Biologia Centrali-Americana.
  27. ↑ The type of Thamnophilus tenuifasciatus has been carefully examined and compared with specimens of T. multistriatus, with the result that it proves to be very distinct from the latter. If not a synonym of T. tenuipunctatus Lafresnaye (which I have not seen) it must stand as a distinct form.
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