Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes/References
References
60 Fed. Reg. 30336 [1995]. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Respiratory protective devices; final rule. (To be codified as 42 CFR Part 84.)
63 Fed. Reg. 1152 [1998]. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: respiratory protection; final rule. (To be codified at 29 CFR 1910 and 1926.)
ACGIH [2010]. Industrial ventilation: a manual of recommended practice for operation and maintenance. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
ACGIH [2013]. Industrial ventilation: a manual of recommended practice for design. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Ahn K, Woskie S, DiBerardinis L, Ellenbecker M [2008]. A review of published quantitative experimental studies on factors affecting laboratory fume hood performance. J Occup Environ Hyg 5(11):735–753.
ANSI/AIHA [2012]. Occupational health and safety management systems. Fairfax, VA: American Industrial Hygiene Association Publication No. ANSI Z10–2012.
ASHRAE [1995]. Method of testing performance of laboratory fume hoods. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Publication No. ANSI/ASHRAE 110-1995.
ASHRAE [2011]. ASHRAE handbook—HVAC applications. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers.
Bałazy A, Podgórski A, Gradoń L [2004]. Filtration of nanosized aerosol particles in fibrous filters. I–experimental results. J Aerosol Sci 35:967–980.
Balazy A, Toivola M, Reponen T, Podgorski A, Zimmer A, Grinshpun SA [2006]. Manikin-based performance evaluation of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators challenged with nanoparticles. Ann Occup Hyg 50(3):259–269.
Bayer MaterialScience [2010]. Occupational exposure limit (OEL) for Baytubes defined by Bayer MaterialScience. Leverkusen, Germany: Bayer MaterialScience.
Beamer BR, Topmiller JL, Crouch KG [2004]. Development of evaluation procedures for local exhaust ventilation for United States postal service mail-processing equipment. J Occup Environ Hyg 1(7):423–429.
Bello D, Wardle BL, Yamamoto M, Guzman de Villoria R, Garcia EJ, Hart AJ, Ahn K, Ellenbecker MJ, Hallock M [2009]. Exposure to nanoscale particles and fibers during machining of hybrid advanced composites containing carbon nanotubes. J Nanopart Res 11(1):231–249.
Beurskens-Comuth PAWV, Verbist K, Brouwer D [2011]. Video exposure monitoring as part of a strategy to assess exposure to nanoparticles. Ann Occup Hyg 55(8):937–945.
Brock B [2009]. Knowledge brief: containment hierarchy of controls. Tampa, FL: International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers.
Brouwer D [2010]. Exposure to manufactured nanoparticles in different workplaces. Toxicology 269(2):120–127.
Brouwer D, van Duuren-Stuurman B, Berges M, Jankowska E, Bard D, Mark D [2009]. From workplace air measurement results toward estimates of exposure? Development of a strategy to assess exposure to manufactured nano-objects. J Nanopart Res 11:1867–1881.
Brouwer DK, Gijsbers JHJ, Lurvink MWM [2004]. Personal exposure to ultrafine particles in the workplace: exploring sampling techniques and strategies. Ann Occup Hyg 48(5):439–453.
BSI [2007a]. Nanotechnologies, part 1: good practice guide for specifying manufactured nanomaterials. Reston, VA: British Standards Institution, Publication No. PD 6699-1:2007.
BSI [2007b]. Nanotechnologies, part 2: guide to safe handling and disposal of manufactured nanomaterials. Reston, VA: British Standards Institution Publication No. PD 6699-2:2007.
BSI [2007c]. Occupational health and safety management systems; requirements. Reston, VA: British Standards Institution, Publication No. BS OHSAS 18001:2007.
Cecala AB, Volkwein JC, Daniel JH [1988]. Reducing bag operator’s dust exposure in mineral processing plants. Appl Ind Hyg 3(1):23–27.
Cena LG, Peters TM [2011]. Characterization and control of airborne particles emitted during production of epoxy/carbon nanotube nanocomposites. J Occup Environ Hyg 8(2):86–92.
CFR. Code of Federal Regulations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.
Chou CC, Hsiao HY, Hong QS, Chen CH, Peng YW, Chen HW, Yang PC [2008]. Single-walled carbon nanotubes can induce pulmonary injury in mouse model. Nano Lett 8(2):437–445.
Conti JA, Killpack K, Gerritzen G, Huang L, Mircheva M, Delmas M, Hathorn BH, Appelbaum RP, Holden PA [2008]. Health and safety practices in the nanomaterials workplace: results from an international survey. Environ Sci Technol 42(9):3155–3162.
Dahm MM, Yencken MS, Schubauer-Berigan MK [2011]. Exposure control strategies in the carbonaceous nanomaterial industry. J Occup Environ Med 53(6 Suppl):S68–73.
Davies CN [1977]. Aerosol science. London: Academic Press, p. 468.
Demou E, Peter P, Hellweg S [2008]. Exposure to manufactured nanostructured particles in an industrial pilot plant. Ann Occup Hyg 52(8):695–706.
DHHS [2009]. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition. Cincinnati: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Publication No. DHHS (CDC) 21–1112.
DiNardi SR [2003]. The Occupational environment: its evaluation, control, and management. Fairfax, VA: AIHA Press.
Elder A, Gelein R, Silva V, Feikert T, Opanashuk L, Carter J, Potter R, Maynard A, Ito Y, Finkelstein J, Oberdorster G [2006]. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system. Environ Health Perspect 114(8):1172–1178.
Ellenbecker MJ, Gempel RF, Burgess WA [1983]. Capture efficiency of local exhaust ventilation systems. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44(10):752–755.
Eninger RM, Honda T, Reponen T, McKay R, Grinshpun SA [2008]. What does respirator certification tell us about filtration of ultrafine particles? J Occup Environ Hyg 5(5):286–295.
Esco Technologies Inc. [2012]. Pharmacon downflow booth [1]. Date accessed: November 11, 2012.
EU-OSHA [2009]. Literature review: workplace exposure to nanoparticles. Bilboa, Spain: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, p. 89.
Evans DE, Ku BK, Birch ME, Dunn KH [2010]. Aerosol monitoring during carbon nanofiber production: mobile direct-reading sampling. Ann Occup Hyg 54(5):514–531.
Filtration Group Inc. [2012]. HEPA seal bag in/bag out operation and maintenance manual [www.filtrationgroup.com/../HEPA_BagIn_BagOut_Housing_Install_01.pdf ]. Date accessed: November 14, 2012.
Floura H, Kremer J [2008]. Performance verification of a downflow booth via surrogate testing. Pharmaceut Eng 28(6):1–9.
Gao P, Jaques PA, Hsiao TC, Shepherd A, Eimer BC, Yang M, Miller A, Gupta B, Shaffer R [2011]. Evaluation of nano- and submicron particle penetration through ten nonwoven fabrics using a wind-driven approach. J Occup Environ Hyg 8(1):13–22.
Genaidy A, Tolaymat T, Sequeira R, Rinder M, Dionysiou D [2009]. Health effects of exposure to carbon nanofibers: systematic review, critical appraisal, meta analysis and research to practice perspectives. Sci Total Environ 407(12):3686–3701.
Goodfellow H, Tahti E [2001]. Industrial ventilation design guidebook. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, p. 1519.
Hampl V [1984]. Evaluation of industrial local exhaust hood efficiency by a tracer gas technique. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 45(7):485–490.
Hampl V, Niemela R, Shulman S, Bartley DL [1986]. Use of tracer gas technique for industrial exhaust hood efficiency evaluation—where to sample. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47(5):281–287.
Heim M, Mullins BJ, Wild M, Meyer J, Kasper G [2005]. Filtration efficiency of aerosol particles below 20 nanometers. Aerosol Sci Technol 39:782–789.
Heitbrink WA, McKinnery WN Jr. [1986]. Dust control during bag opening, emptying and disposal. Appl Ind Hyg 1(2):101–109.
Hinds WC [1999]. Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. New York: Wiley, p. 483.
Hirst N, Brocklebank M, Ryder M [2002]. Containment systems: a design guide. Woburn, MA: Gulf Professional Publishing, p. 199.
HSE [2003a]. Control guidance sheet 301: glovebox. In: COSHH essentials: easy steps to control chemicals. London: Health and Safety Executive.
HSE [2003b]. Control guidance sheet G202: laminar flow booth. In: COSHH essentials: easy steps to control chemicals. London: Health and Safety Executive.
HSE [2003c]. Control guidance sheet G206: sack filling. In: COSHH essentials: easy steps to control chemicals. London: Health and Safety Executive.
HSE [2003d]. Control guidance sheet G208: sack emptying. In: COSHH essentials: easy steps to control chemicals. London: Health and Safety Executive.
HSE [2004]. Nanoparticles: an occupational hygiene review. By Aitken RJ, Creely K S, Tran CL. London: Health and Safety Executive, Health & Safety Executive Publication No. RR 274.
Huang RF, Wu YD, Chen HD, Chen CC, Chen CW, Chang CP, Shih TS [2007a]. Development and evaluation of an air-curtain fume cabinet with considerations of its aerodynamics. Ann Occup Hyg 51(2):189–206.
Huang S-H, Chen C-W, Chang C-P, Lai C-Y, Chen C-C [2007b]. Penetration of 4.5 nm to aerosol particles through fibrous filters. J Aerosol Sci 38(7):719–727.
IFA [2009]. Criteria for assessment of the effectiveness of protective measures [http://www.dguv.de/ifa/en/fac/nanopartikel/beurteilungsmassstaebe/index.jsp]. Date accessed: October 18, 2012.
ISO [2007]. Workplace atmospheres—ultrafine, nanoparticle and nano-structured aerosols. Inhalation exposure characterization and assessment. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, Publication No. ISO/TR 27628:2007.
ISO [2008]. Nanotechnologies—Health and safety practices in occupational settings relevant to nanotechnologies. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, Publication No. ISO/TR 12885:2008.
Johnson DR, Methner MM, Kennedy AJ, Steevens JA [2010]. Potential for occupational exposure to engineered carbon-based nanomaterials in environmental laboratory studies. Environ Health Perspect 118(1):49–54.
Kim CS, Bao L, Okuyama K, Shimada M, Niinuma H [2006]. Filtration efficiency of a fibrous filter for nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 8:215–221.
Kim SC, Harrington MS, Pui DYH [2007]. Experimental study of nanoparticles penetrations through commercial filter media. J Nanopart Res 9:117–125.
Kletz T [2001]. An engineer’s view of human error. New York: Taylor & Francis, p. 296.
Lee JH, Kwon M, Ji JH, Kang CS, Ahn KH, Han JH, Yu IJ [2011]. Exposure assessment of workplaces manufacturing nanosized TiO2 and silver. Inhal Toxicol 23(4):226–236.
Lee JH, Lee SB, Bae GN, Jeon KS, Yoon JU, Ji JH, Sung JH, Lee BG, Yang JS, Kim HY, Kang CS, Yu IJ [2010]. Exposure assessment of carbon nanotube manufacturing workplaces. Inhal Toxicol 22(5):369–381.
Lee KW, Liu BYH [1980]. On the minimum efficiency of the most penetrating particle size for fibrous filters. J Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 30(4): 377-381.
Lindeløv JS, Wahlberg M [2009]. Spray drying for processing of nanomaterials. J Phys: Conference Series 170(1).
Macher JM, First MW [1984]. Effects of air flow rate and operator activity on containment of bacterial aerosols in an class II safety cabinet. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:481–485.
Maidment SC [1998]. Occupational hygiene considerations in the development of a structured approach to select chemical control strategies. Ann Occup Hyg 42(6):391–400.
Mark D [2007]. Occupational exposure to nanoparticles and nanotubes. In: Hester RE, Harrison RM, eds. Nanotechnology: consequences for human health and the environment. London: RSC Publishing, pp. 50–80.
Marzal F, Gonzalez E, Minana A, Baeza A [2003a]. Methodologies for determining capture efficiencies in surface treatment tanks. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 64(5):604–608.
Marzal F, Gonzalez E, Minana A, Baeza A [2003b]. Visualization of airflows in push-pull ventilation systems applied to surface treatment tanks. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 64(4):455–460.
Maynard AD [2007]. Nanotechnology: the next big thing, or much ado about nothing? Ann Occup Hyg 51(1):12.
McKernan JL, Ellenbecker MJ [2007]. Ventilation equations for improved exothermic process control. Ann Occup Hyg 51(3):269–279.
Methner M [2008]. Engineering case reports: effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) in controlling engineered nanomaterial emissions during reactor cleanout operations. J Occup Environ Hyg 5(6):D63–D69.
Methner M, Hodson L, Dames A, Geraci C [2010]. Nanoparticle emission assessment technique (NEAT) for the identification and measurement of potential inhalation exposure to engineered nanomaterials—part B: results from 12 field studies. J Occup Environ Hyg 7(3):163–176.
Methner MM, Birch ME, Evans DE, Ku BK, Crouch K, Hoover MD [2007]. Case study: identification and characterization of potential sources of worker exposure to carbon nanofibers during polymer composite laboratory operations. J Occup Environ Hyg 4(12):D125–130.
Mukherjee SK, Singh MM, Jayaraman NI [1986]. Design guidelines for improved water spray systems. Min Eng 38(11):1054–1059.
Nanocyl [2009]. Responsible care and nanomaterials case study. Paper presented at the European Responsible Care Conference, Prague, October 21–23.
Naumann BD, Sargent EV, Starkman BS, Fraser WJ, Becker GT, Kirk GD [1996]. Performance-based exposure control limits for pharmaceutical active ingredients. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 57(1):33–42.
NIOSH [1997]. Control of dust from powder dye handling operations. Cincinnati: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97–107.
NIOSH [2004]. NIOSH respirator selection logic. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. (NIOSH) 2005–100.
NIOSH [2009a]. Approach to safe nanotechnology: managing the health and safety concerns associated with engineered nanomaterials. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2009–125.
NIOSH [2009b]. Qualitative risk characterization and management of occupational hazards: control banding (CB)—a literature review and critical analysis. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2009–152.
NIOSH [2011]. Current intelligence bulletin 63: occupational exposure to titanium dioxide. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 201–160.
NIOSH [2013]. Current intelligence bulletin 65: occupational exposure to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2013–145.
NNI [no date]. Manufacturing at the nanoscale [http://nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/manufacturing]. Date accessed: October 18, 2012.
Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J [2005]. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113:823–839.
OECD [2009]. No 11: emission assessment for identification of sources and release of airborne manufactured nanomaterials in the workplace: compilation of existing guidance. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ENV/JM/MONO (2009)16.
Paik SY, Zalk DM, Swuste P [2008]. Application of a pilot control banding tool for risk level assessment and control of nanoparticle exposures. Ann Occup Hyg 52(6):419–428.
Park J, Ramachandran G, Raynor P, Eberly L, Olson G [2010a]. Comparing exposure zones by different exposure metrics for nanoparticles using statistical parameters: contrast and precision. Ann Occup Hyg 54(7):799–812.
Park J, Ramachandran G, Raynor P, Olson G [2010b]. Determination of particle concentration rankings by spatial mapping of particle surface area, number, and mass concentrations in a restaurant and a die casting plant. J Occup Environ Hyg 7(8):466–476.
Park J, Ramachandran G, Raynor P, Kim S [2011]. Estimation of surface area concentration of workplace incidental nanoparticles based on number and mass concentrations. J Nanopart Res 13(10):4897–4911.
Peters TM, Elzey S, Johnson R, Park H, Grassian VH, Maher T, O’Shaughnessy P [2009]. Air-borne monitoring to distinguishing engineered nanomaterials from incidental particles for environmental health and safety. J Occup Environ Hyg 6:73–81.
Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WAH, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, MacNee W, Donaldson K [2008]. Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat Nanotechnol 3:423–428.
Pui DYH [1996]. Direct-reading instrument for workplace aerosol measurements: a review. Analyst 121:1215–1224.
Ramachandran G [2005]. Occupational exposure assessment for air contaminants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 337.
Ramachandran G, Ostraat M, Evans D, Methner M, O’Shaughnessy P, D’Arcy J, Geraci C, Stevenson, Maynard A, Rickabough K [2011]. A strategy for assessing workplace exposures to nanomaterials. J Occup Environ Hyg 8:673–685.
Rengasamy S, Eimer BC [2011]. Total inward leakage of nanoparticles through filtering facepiece respirators. Ann Occup Hyg 55(3):253–263.
Rengasamy S, Eimer BC, Shaffer RE [2009]. Comparison of nanoparticle filtration performance of NIOSH-approved and CE-marked particulate filtering facepiece respirators. Ann Occup Hyg 53(2):117–128.
Rengasamy S, King WP, Eimer BC, Shaffer RE [2008]. Filtration performance of NIOSHapproved N95 and P100 filtering facepiece respirators against 4 to 30 nanometer-size nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg 5(9):556–564.
Rengasamy S, Verbofsky R, King WP, Shaffer RE [2007]. Nanoparticle penetration through NIOSH-approved N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. Int Soc Respir Prot 24(1/2):49–62. Roco MC [2005]. International perspective on government nanotechnology funding in 2005. J Nanopart Res 7(6):1–8.
Rossi EM, Pylkkanen L, Koivisto AJ, Vippola M, Jensen KA, Miettinen M, Sirola K, Nykasenoja H, Karisola P, Stjernvall T, Vanhala E, Kiilunen M, Pasanen P, Makinen M, Hameri K, Joutsensaari J, Tuomi T, Jokiniemi J, Wolff H, Savolainen K, Matikainen S, Alenius H [2010]. Airway exposure to silica-coated TiO2 nanoparticles induces pulmonary neutrophilia in mice. Toxicol Sci 113(2):422–433.
Rushton EK, Jiang J, Leonard SS, Eberly S, Castranova V, Biswas P, Elder A, Han X, Gelein R, Finkelstein J, Oberdörster G [2010]: Concept of assessing nanoparticle hazards considering nanoparticle dosemetric and chemical/biological response metrics. J Toxicol Environ Health 73(5-6):445–461.
Schulte P, Geraci C, Zumwalde R, Hoover M, Kuempel E [2008]. Occupational risk management of engineered nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg 5(4):239–249.
Sellers K, Mackay C, Bergeson LL, Clough SR, Hoyt M, Chen J, Henry K, Hamblen J [2009]. Nanotechnology and the Environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 296. Shaffer R, Rengasamy S [2009]. Respiratory protection against airborne nanoparticles: a review. J Nanopart Res 11(7):1661–1672.
Shin WG, Mulholland GW, Kim SC, Pui DYH [2008]. Experimental study of filtration efficiency of nanoparticles below 20 nm at elevated temperatures. J Aerosol Sci 39(6):488–499.
Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Mercer R, Murray AR, Johnson VJ, Potapovich AI, Tyurina YY, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Schwegler-Berry D, Hubbs AF, Antonini J, Evans DE, Ku BK, Ramsey D, Maynard A, Kagan VE, Castranova V, Baron P [2005]. Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289(5):L698–708.
Smandych RS, Thomson M, Goodfellow H [1998]. Dust control for material handling operations: a systematic approach. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 59(2):139–146.
Smijs TGM, Bouwstra JA [2010]. Focus on skin as a possible port of entry for solid nanoparticles and the toxicological impact. J Biomed Nanotechnol 6(5):469–484.
Takagi A, Hirose A, Nishimura T, Fukumori N, Ogata A, Ohashi N, Kitajima S, Kanno J [2008]. Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/- mouse by intraperitoneal application of multiwall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci 33(1):105–116.
Thomas K, Aguar P, Kawasaki H, Morris J, Nakanishi J, Savage N [2006]. Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part VIII: international efforts to develop risk-based safety evaluations for nanomaterials. Toxicol Sci 92(1):23–32.
Tinkle SS, Antonini JM, Rich BA, Roberts JR, Salmen R, DePree K, Adkins EJ [2003]. Skin as a route of exposure and sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environ Health Perspect 111(9):1202–1208.
Tsai SJ, Ada E, Isaacs J, Ellenbecker MJ [2009a]. Airborne nanoparticle exposures associated with the manual handling of nanoalumina in fume hoods. J Nanopart Res 11(1):147–161.
Tsai SJ, Hoffman M, Hallock MF, Ada E, Kong J, Ellenbecker MJ [2009b]. Characterization and evaluation of nanoparticle release during the synthesis of single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition. Environ Sci Technol 43:6017–6023.
Tsai SJ, Huang RF, Ellenbecker MJ [2010]. Airborne nanoparticle exposures while using constant-flow, constant-velocity, and air-curtain-isolated fume hoods. Ann Occup Hyg 54(1):78–87.
Vorbau M, Hillemann L, Stintz M [2009]. Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings. J Aerosol Sci 40(3):209–217. Walker L [2002]. Process containment design for development facility, part I. Pharmaceut Eng 21(4):72–75.
Wang J, Liu Y, Jiao F, Lao F, Li W, Gu Y, Li Y, Ge C, Zhou G, Li B, Zhao Y, Chai Z, Chen C [2008]. Time-dependent translocation and potential impairment on central nervous system by intranasally instilled TiO(2) nanoparticles. Toxicology 254(1–2):82–90.
Wang Y, Wei F, Luo G, Yu H, Gu G [2002]. The large-scale production of carbon nanotubes in a nano-agglomerate fluidized-bed reactor. Chem Phys Lett 364(5–6):568–572.
Warheit DB, Borm PJ, Hennes C, Lademann J [2007]. Testing strategies to establish the safety of nanomaterials: conclusions of an ECETOC workshop. Inhal Toxicol 19(8):631–643.
Washington State Department of Labor & Industries [no date]. Industrial ventilation guidelines [http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Topics/AtoZ/Ventilation/default.asp]. Date accessed: October 18, 2012.
Wittmaack K [2007]. In search of the most relevant parameter for quantifying lung inflammatory response to nanoparticle exposure: particle number, surface area, or what? Environ Health Perspect 115:187–194.
Woods JN, Mckarns JS [1995]. Evaluation of capture efficiencies of large push-pull ventilation systems with both visual and tracer techniques. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 56(12):1208–1214.
Woskie S [2010]. Workplace practices for engineered nanomaterial manufacturers. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2(6):685–692.
WWICS [2011]. The project on emerging nanotechnologies: consumer product inventory [http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/updates/]. Date accessed: October 18, 2012.
Yeganeh B, Kull CM, Hull MS, Marr LC [2008]. Characterization of airborne particles during production of carbonaceous nanomaterials. Environ Sci Technol 42(12):4600–4606.