Shaloks and Gathas of Gorakh Nath, Ramanand, Gopi Chand, Nanak, Arjuna Deva and Guru Gobind Singh. The words Sahaskriti and Gatha appear in the Adi Granth, Trumpp considered Sabaskriti to be a recognized Sanskrit stanzaic form. The present writer bas arbitrarily seized upon it as a convenient label for a literary medium which derives direct from Sanskrit and Pali and which for its well-defined verb-forms, phonetics, rhymes, prepositions and inflections may be said to be the direct ancestor of Hindwi.
(b) *Hindwi--the written language common to the whole of North India during the seven or eight centuries of Post-Gupta Bhakti Revival, It ( verbs, in particular) is at first found side by aide with Sahaskriti, but, in due course gains ascendency. It has vast affinities with (Sant) Bhakha which had developed its own literature and become popular all over North and East India tong before ‘Braji emerged out of its local physical bounds and }oca) balladry on account of the earlier spread of the Nirguna and Prema-Bhakti cult and the Gorakh cult through the teachings and travels of Naths, Sidhs, Jogis, Bairagis, Sanyasis, etc. The Krishnaite cult (in the revived form) and the Braj tongue owe their developement and popularity, which came about later than the spread of Ramaite cult and Purbi, to the bards of Rajputuna and Agra and Mathura. The Rama and Krishna cults never received the loyalty of the Panjab to any appreciable extent.
(c) *Sind-Sagari—the spoken as well as the written language of West Panjab, which is the parent of Urdu and which with Hindwi shares 80 snuch with Kasmiti, Sindhi, Gujerati, Marathi and 7Dakhni, It includes Pothohari, Dianayi, Multani, Derajati, Thangi, Bahawalpuri, Punchhi, Dogri and Shahpuri dialects.
the modern Hindwi, was calculated to throw much light on the history of Aryan Indian Vernaculars, Anent Bhatti it may be noted that the Hindu Chief who commanded the district or Pargana in which Nanak was born was a Bhatti Rajput—Rao Bular. More about Chand will follow in Chapter I.
4 Jayasi in his Padmavat begun in 927 A, H. calls his Rajasthani, Hindwi while Bhakha is bis synoynn for language in general.
ਤੁਰਕੀ ਅਰਬੀ ਹਿੰਦਵੀ ਭਾਖਾ ਜੇਤੀ ਆਹਿ
Shah Miranji of Bijapur (d .902 A.H.) also calls his Dakhni, Hindwi.
5 In the whole range of known Panjabi literature the words Braji and Braj Bhakha do not appear even once; the appellation Bhakba is the only generic term the old writers employed, it being equivalent to the English word Vernacular in contradistinction with Classic. Even Bhai Mani Singh in his prose Bhagat Ratnavali uses the word Bbakha for Panjabi. He was a native of Kaithowal in Patiala State and lived long at Amritsar, Braji proper enters the Panjab and Panjabi with Bhai Gurdas, who had travelled extensively in the U. P., staying for a time both at Agra and Benares and composing many Kabittsand Swayyas in Middle High Braji, with Guru Gobind Singh and his many poets of both Hindwi and Braji like Ram and Sainapati and with Pandit Gulab Singh who has been one of our greatest modern scholars of Sanskrit. The last-named lived at Benares for over 12 years. The word Braji_ as such first appears in poetry in Mavla Shah Amritsar, who was alive in 1935. Guru Gobind Singh used the word Des Bhakhiya for both Hindi and Braji.
6 The word Lahndi was first used by Tisdell in his Simplified Panjabi Grammar.
7 We first meet with Dakhni in the Adi Granth in Guru Nanak’s Dakhni Ongkar (or Omkar) which heads a poetical composition. Dakhni stands for a particular metrical or musical form in vogue, connected with the Deccan. The metre of a portion of the poem is Persian, same as used by Shah Miranji, vide Urdu, Aurangabad, April 1927, pp. 174-180.
