This page has been validated.
254
INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS
as a trisyllable, iaku" (Hardeland). In several languages initial w receives a prothetic u; thus Original IN walu, "eight", is pronounced walu and uwalu in Tontemboan.
There are however also other ways of pronouncing the semi-vowels in IN. "Bungku w is dentilabial" (Adriani). As w is represented in Rottinese by f, e.g. in falu < Original IN walu, "eight", and y in Hova by z, e.g. in hazu, "tree" < Original IN kayu, we must assume as transitional stages semi-vowels accompanied by fricative sounds.
57. The liquids r and l.
I. The liquid r. "In certain regions the Malay r is formed by the tongue and teeth, in others by the tongue and palate, in others again it is uvular" (Ophuijsen). "In the north (of the Peninsula, the Malay r) is guttural" (= uvular) (Winstedt). "Madurese r is coronal-cacuminal" (Kiliaan). "The northern dialects of Sangirese have a labial r" (Talens).
A few IN languages have two differently articulated r's; thus Běsěmah possesses a lingual one and a uvular one. That was also the case in Original IN (see § 40).
II. The liquid l. "The Gayo l is formed by the articulation of the tip of the tongue against the roots of the upper teeth" (Hazeu). "Madurese l is pronounced by the articulation of the edges of the tip of the tongue against the foremost part of the hard palate, the tip of the tongue being bent upwards and backwards" (Kiliaan)." Bada has a pre-palatal l as well as a supradental one" (Adriani).
58. The laryngal q. "The hamzah is the explosive formed by the glottis" (Adriani). "The hamzah is formed by the sudden opening of the closed vocal chords" (Snouck Hurgronje). "In Ampana the hamzah is as a rule weakly pronounced" (Adriani).
59. Velars. As regards these there is nothing further to be said.
60. Palatals. "In the Madurese palatals the back of the tongue, more precisely the middle part of it, articulates against the back part of the hard palate" (Kihaan). "The Javanese
