and English correspondence, as well as two novels in Spanish, and several text-books for acquiring foreign languages. — His son, Manuel Alberto, b. in New York city, 2 June, 1862, was educated in the public schools, and since 1881 has been secre- tary of the Spanish consulate-general in New York city. Having rendered important services to the Spanish representatives in this country, in 1888 he was decorated by the queen regent of Spain with the cross of the order of Caballero de la Real orden de Isabel la Catolica. He has published " Spanish Tariffs, with Extracts from the Custom-House Regulations" (New York, 1888).
TORO, Fermin, Venezuelan statesman, b. in
Caracas in 1807 ; d. there in 1865. He received an
excellent private education, but was never gradu-
ated. After being employed in his early years in
the national treasury, he was promoted collector of
the island of Margarita, and in 1831 was elected,
before the legal age, to congress, where he soon be-
came known as an orator. He was also a member
of the constituent congress, and was called to the
cabinet by Gen. Soublette as secretary of state and
provisionally of the treasury, also representing his
country as minister in Bogota and Madrid. In
1845-6, with Juan M. Cajigal, he edited " El Correo
de Caracas." In 1858 he was one of the intimate ad-
visers of Gen. Castro, and under Gen. Paez formed
part of his cabinet. He published " Los Martires,"
a romance (Caracas, 1834) ; " Disertacion sobre la
ley de 10 de Abril de 1834" (1835); "America y
Europa" (1836); and many poems published by
his friend, Manuel Caflete, under the pen-name of
Emiro Kastos (Paris, 1847). He left in manuscript
" La Sibila de los Andes," a novel, and " La Heca-
tonfonia " and " El veinticuatro de Enero," poems.
TORO ZAMBRANO, Matéo de, president of
Chili, b. in Santiago in 1724; d. there, 26 Feb.,
1811. During the Spanish reign he occupied sev-
eral public offices, and contributed to the construc-
tion of the breakwater in Santiago, and of a bridge
across Mapocho river. He equipped at his own ex-
pense a company against the Araucanian revolt,
the command of which he gave to his son, Jose
Gregorio. In 1762 he was appointed acting presi-
dent during the absence of Juan Balmaeeda, and.
when President Manuel Amat went to Peru as
viceroy in 1768, Toro Zambrano occupied his place
{>rovisionally. Charles III. created him Count de
a Conquista in 1771, and in 1809 the central junta
of Seville gave him the rank of brigadier. When
in 1810 the opposition against President Carrasco
began, the audiencia, alarmed by the popular dem-
onstrations, caused the latter to resign, and ap-
pointed in his stead Toro Zambrano on 16 July.
But the excitement continued, and on 18 Sept.
Toro convoked a meeting of the authorities and
citizens, before whom he resigned the presidency,
and was elected again president of the new popular
junta, of which Juan Martinez Rozas was the chief
spirit. Toro Zambrano's age and feeble character
prevented him from taking an active part in the
government, and he died before the complete sepa-
ration of the country from Spain.
TORQUEMADA, Juan de (tor-kay-mah'-dah),
Spanish historian, b. in Valladolid about 1550 ; d.
in Mexico about 1625. He went to Mexico in his
youth as an officer, but assumed there the habit of
St. Francis, and, besides studying theology, took
a course in the Aztec language, history, and an-
tiquities under the direction of the Indian cacique,
Antonio Valeriano, who was one of the teachers at
the College of Santiago de Tlaltelolco. He became
a professor in Tlaltelolco, and finally superior of
the college, meanwhile continuing assiduously his
studies in ancient history, and after twenty years
of labor published his great historical work. In
1614 he was elected provincial of his order at the^
general chapter in Xochimilco, and during his ad-
ministration he constructed one of the great cause-
ways that leads to the city of Mexico, which is now
called San Cristobal. Besides some ecclesiastical
biographies, he wrote " Monarquia Indiana, com-
puesta de 22 Libros" (3 vols., Seville, 1615; Mad-
rid, 1723), which, notwithstanding his ecclesiasti-
cal prejudices, is considered fairly impartial and
truthful, although it has been greatly improved by
Carlos de Sigiienza's " Anotaciones."
TORRANCE, Frederick William, Canadian
jurist, b. in Montreal in July, 1823. He was the
son of a Scotch merchant of Montreal, and was
educated at Paris and at Edinburgh university,
where he received the degree of M. A. in 1844. On
his return to Canada he studied law, was called to
the bar in 1848, became professor of Roman law
in McGill university in 1854, and was appointed
puisne judge of the superior court in 1868. He
aided in establishing the "Lower Canada Jurist,"
and managed it several years. McGill university
gave him the degree of B. C. L. in 1856, and since
1870 he has been one of its governors.
TORRE, José Maria de la (tor-ray), Cuban
archaeologist, b. in Havana in 1815 ; d. there in
1873. He studied law in his native city, and was
admitted to the bar in 1841, but he never practised
as a lawyer, devoting himself instead to teaching.
He published a remarkable map showing the dis-
tricts into which the island was divided before its
discovery by Columbus, accompanied by learned
researches and notes on the history of Cuba, and
made numerous contributions to the geography,
history, and archaeology of the island. In 1848 he
was commissioned to travel in the United States
and Europe to study improvements in agriculture
and the industrial arts, and to introduce them
into Cuba. The results of this journey were very
useful. He was a member of the Royal academy
of history of Madrid, and other scientific and anti-
quarian societies. His works are "Mapa an-
tiguo de Cuba" (Havana, 1837); "Gran Cuadro-
Sinoptico de la Monarquia Espafiola " (1845); " Lo
que fuimos y lo que somos," a history of Havana
(1857) ; " El Robinson Cubano " (I860) ; and nu-
merous text-books for schools.
TORRE, Tomas de la, Spanish missionary, b.
in Salamanca about 1510; d. in Chiapa, Mexico, in
1567. He studied at the Dominican college of San
Esteban, in Salamanca, and when twenty years of
age entered the order and was attached to the mis-
sions of Santo Domingo. He became there one of
the most trusted assistants of Bishop Bartolome
de Las Casas in his exertions in behalf of the con-
quered Indians, and incurred the hostility of tho
Spanish authorities by his fearless denunciation of
their cruelties. Las Casas therefore ordered him
to Guatemala in 1544, and he travelled for three
vears through the country preaching the gospel.
He became in 1547 vicar of Cinacautlan, prior of
the convent of Guatemala in 1550, and provincial
of the order in 1553. He founded the convents of
Chiapa and Copanabaxtla and schools for the In-
dians, and built churches and colleges. He left a
valuable manuscript, " Ilistoria de los principios
de la Provincia de Chiapa y Guatemala, del orden
de Santo Domingo," which was used by Fathrr
Antonio de Remesal in his " Ilistoria de las Pro-
vincias de Chiapa y Guatemala" (Madrid. 1619).
TORRES, Camilo (tor'-rays), Colombian statesman, b. in Popayan, 22 Nov.. 1766; d. in Bogota, 5 Oct., 1816. He received his education in his
