first book was followed by a novel entitled " The Refugee in America " (1832), and " The Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw" (1836), both il- lustrative of the vulgar side of American manners and character. Her other writings include numer- ous novels, and " Belgium and Western Germany " (2 vols., London, 1834) ; " A Visit to Italy " (2 vols., 1842) ; and " Travels and Travellers " (1846).— Her son, Thomas Adolphus, is a voluminous author, and was for many years Italian correspondent of the New York "Tribune." — Another son, Anthonv, (1815-1882), was connected with the British postal service in 1834-'67, and was sent by the govern- ment several times to this country to compare the English system with that in the United States. He is best known by his numerous novels. He also published a book of travels in this country, entitled " North America " (London, 1862), and his auto- biographv appeared soon after his death (1883).
TROLLOPE, Sir Henry, British naval officer,
b. in Norwich, England, in 1756 ; d. in Freshford,
near Bath, England, 2 Nov., 1839. He entered the
navy in 1770, participated in the battles of Lex-
ington and Bunker Hill, and afterward in the siege
of Boston, was with Lord Dunmore in Virginia,
and assisted at the taking of Rhode Island. He
became 3d lieutenant of the " Bristol " in 1777, as-
sisted at the attack on Port Montgomery and Fort
Clinton, and subsequently served at Philadelphia
and Mud island. He became a post-captain in
1781, and was knighted for his participation in the
victory of Camperdown. He became full admiral
in 1812, and was a knight commander of the Bath.
TROOST, Gerard, mineralogist, b. in Bois Le
Due, Holland, 15 March, 1776 ; d. in Nashville,
Tenn., 14 Aug., 1850. He was educated at the
universities of Leyden and Amsterdam, where he
devoted special attention to chemistry, geology,
and natural history. In 1801 he received the degree
of master in pharmacy from the latter university.
For a time he practised his art at the Hague and
elsewhere, but soon went to Paris, where he became
the pupil of the Abbe Haiiy. In 1809 he was ap-
pointed by Louis Bonaparte, then king of Holland,
scientific attache of a naval expedition to Java,
but he was captured by an English privateer, and,
after confinement in Dunkirk, returned to Paris.
He then made his way on an American sailing
vessel from La Rochelle to Philadelphia, hoping
thence to reach Java. Soon after his arrival in the
United States, Louis Bonaparte relinquished the
throne, and Java was surrendered to the English.
In consequence he determined to remain in Phila-
delphia, where, in 1812, he assisted in founding the
Academy of natural sciences, and was its president
in 1812-'17. The first works in the United States
for the manufacture of alum were organized by him
in 1814 at Cape Sable, Md. ; but the enterprise was
unsuccessful. He returned to Philadelphia, and in
1821 was appointed professor of mineralogy in the
Philadelphia museum. He delivered public lec-
tures on that branch and on chemistry at the
Philadelphia college of pharmacy, also making
geological excursions into New Jersey, New York,
and elsewhere. In 1825 he removed to New Har-
mony, Ind., with Robert Owen and others, but, be-
coming dissatisfied, settled in Nashville in 1827.
He was appointed professor of chemistry, geology,
and mineralogy in the University of Nashville in
1828, which chair he held until his death, and in
1831 he was made state geologist, an office he
filled until 1849. Prof. Troost gathered an exten-
sive collection of minerals, including about 15,000
specimens, as well as more than 5,000 geological
specimens and various other articles, constituting
a cabinet that at that time was considered the
finest in the possession of a single individual in
the United States. He was a member of many sci-
entific and philosophical societies in the United
States and Europe, and translated into Dutch
Alexander von Humboldt's " Aspects of Nature.""
Besides numerous contributions to the transactions
of learned societies, he published a "Geological
Survey of the Environs of Philadelphia" (Phila-
delphia, 1826), and nine " Annual Geological Re-
ports of Tennessee " (Nashville, 1835-'48).
TROTT, Nicholas, jurist, b. in England in
1663 ; d. in Charleston, S. C. t in 1740. After a
residence in the Bahamas, of which he was gover-
nor, he emigrated to South Carolina about 1690,
settling in Charleston. He became speaker of the
assembly in 1700, was a councillor in 1703, and
subsequently a judge. He was deeply versed in
the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages and in
the principles of jurisprudence, and during nearly
forty years was among the chief men in the prov-
ince. He revised and published " Laws of South
Carolina before 1734" (2 vols., Charleston, 1736),
and is the author of " Clavis Linguae Sanctae
(1719), and " Laws relating to the Church and the
Clergy in America " (London, 1721).
TROTTER, George, soldier, b. in Virginia in
1779 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 13 Oct., 1815. His fa-
ther, Lieut.-Col. James Trotter, was a soldier in
the Revolution. The son entered the army in 1812,
at the beginning of the second war with Great
Britain, as a captain in a volunteer company of
dragoons, was wounded in action with the Indians
under Col. John B. Campbell on 18 Dec. of that
year, became lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky vol-
unteers in 1813, and led a brigade from his state,
with rank of brigadier-general, at the battle of the
Thames, 5 Oct., 1813.
TROTTER, James Fisher, jurist, b. in Bruns-
wick county, Va., 5 Nov., 1802 : d. in Holly Springs,
Miss., 9 March, 1866. He emigrated with his par-
ents to eastern Tennessee at an early age, received
a careful education, and in 1820 was admitted to
the bar. He settled in Hamilton, Monroe co., Miss.,
in 1823, and soon established a reputation as 8*301*^^^
stitutional lawyer. After serving several terms in^
the legislature, he was chosen, in 1837, a judge
the circuit court of his district, and in 1838 suc-<
ceeded Judge John Black in the U. S. senate, hav-
ing been chosen as a Democrat. After serving
from February to December of that year, he re-
signed to accept a seat in the court of appeals of
Mississippi, which he held till 1840. He then re-
sumed his profession, and was vice-chancellor of
the northern district of the state in 1855-'7, and
professor of law in the University of Mississippi in
1860-'2. He ardently supported the southern
cause during the civil war, but subsequently did
much to promote peaceable submission to the U. S.
authorities. He became a circuit judge in 1866.
TROTTER, Newbold Hough, artist, b. in
Philadelphia, Pa., 4 Jan., 1827. He studied art in
his native city during 1853-'5, and has devoted
himself principally to painting pictures of animal
life. Mr. Trotter is a member of the Academy of
fine arts, and of various art societies in Philadel-
phia. His more important works of this class
include " They knew not the Voice of Strangers,"
" They only knew the Voice of Strangers," " The
Range of the Bison," "After the Combat."
" Grizzly Bears," " The Last Stand," " El-Mahdi,"
and " In the Soudan."
TROUBAT, Francis Joseph, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1802 ; d. near Paris, France, 8 Oct., 1868. He was graduated at the University of
