man, and has laid them both open in his books. His ' Neighbor Jackwood ' is the pioneer of novels of real life in New England, and the ' Vagabonds ' is the first specimen, and one of the best, of what has come to be known as the Bret Harte school of poetry." Mr. Trowbridge has published numerous books of adventure, travel, and fiction, and his writings include " Father Brighthopes, or an Old Clergyman's Vacation " (Boston, 1853) ; " Burrcliff " (1853) ; " Hearts and Faces " (1853) ; " Home Life Unveiled " (1853) ; " Martin Merrivale, his X-Mark " (1854) ; " Ironthorpe " (1855) ; "Neighbor Jackwood, a Novel of New England Life " (1857) ; " The Old Battle-Oround " (1859) ; " The Vagabonds, and other Poems " (1869) ; " The Drummer-Bov " (1863) ; " Cudjo's Cave " (1864) ; " The Three Scouts " (1865) ; "Lucy Arlyn" (1866); "The South, a Tour of its Battle-Fieldsand Ruined Cities" (Hartford, 1866); "Neighbors' Wives" (Boston, 1867); "The Story of Columbus " (1867) ; " Coupon Bonds, and other Stories" (1871); "The Jack Hazard Series" (5 vols., 1871-5) ; " The Emigrant's Story, and other Poems" (1875); "The Silver Medal Series" (6 vols., 1877-'82) ; " The Book of Gold, and other Poems" (New York, 1878); "A Home Idyl, and other Poems " (1881) ; and " The Tide-Mill Series " (6 vols., Boston, 1882-'7).
TROWBRIDGE, William Petit, engineer, b.
in Oakland county, Mich., 25 May, 1828. He was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1848
at the head of his class, and promoted 2d lieu-
tenant in the corps of engineers. During the
last year of his course he acted as assistant pro-
fessor of chemistry, and after graduation he spent
two years in the astronomical observatory at
West Point, preparing himself for duty in the
U. S. coast survey, to which he was ordered at
his own request. In 1852 he was assigned to
duty under Alexander D. Bache in the primary
triangulation of the coast of Maine, which in 1852
was placed under his immediate charge. Later
he executed surveys of Appomattox river, in Vir-
ginia, with a view to the improvement of its navi-
gation, and also similar surveys of James river
near Richmond. He also surveyed the Dutch gap,
and recommended the "cut-off, ' or canal, that was
subsequently constructed. In 1853 he was sent to
the Pacific coast, where he conducted a series of
tidal and magnetic observations extending through
a period of three years along the coast from San
Diego to Puget sound. He became 1st lieutenant,
18 Dec, 1854, returned from the west in 1856, and
resigned from the corps of engineers on 1 Dec. to
accept the professorship of mathematics in the
University of Michigan, which chair he held for a
year. At the solicitation of Supt. Alexander D.
Bache he accepted the permanent appointment of
assistant on the coast survey, and was engaged in
preparing for publication the results of the Gulf
stream exploration. In 1860 he was sent to Key
West to superintend the erection of a permanent
self-registering magnetic observatory, and in 1861
he prepared minute descriptions of the harbors,
inlets, and rivers of the southern coast, for the use
of the navy. Later he was ordered to execute a
hydrographic survey of Narragansett bay, where
there was a design to erect a navy-yard, but the
results of the survey were not favorable to the
Eroject. Soon after the beginning of the civil war
e was placed in charge of the engineer office in
New York city, where his duties included the
supply of materials for fortifications and other
defences, and the construction and shipping of
engineer equipage for armies in the field. He also
was superintending engineer of the constructing of
the fort at Willett's point, N. Y., of repairs of
Fort Schuyler, N. Y„ and in charge of works on
Governor's island in New York harbor. In 1865
he became vice-president of the Novelty iron-works
in New York city, with direction of their shops,
where he remained for four years. He was then
elected professor of dynamical engineering in the
Sheffield scientific school of Yale until 1876, when
he was called to take charge of the engineering
department of the School of mines of Columbia,
which place he now holds. Prof. Trowbridge held
various state offices while he was in New Haven,
notably that of adjutant-general with the rank of
brigadier-general on the governor's staff in 1872-'6.
The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by
Rochester in 1856 and by Yale in 1870, that of
Ph. D. by Princeton in 1879, and that of LL. D.
by Trinity in 1880, and the University of Michi-
gan in 1887. He is a member of scientific socie-
ties, and vice-president of the New York academy
of sciences, was vice-president of the American
association for the advancement of science, presid-
ing over the section of mechanical science in 1882,
and in 1878 was elected to the National academy of
sciences. In addition to many papers in scientific
journals and the transactions of societies of which
he is a member, he has published " Proposed Plan
for building a Bridge across the East River at Black-
well's Island " (New York. 1869) ; " Heat as a Source
of Power" (1874); and "Turbine Wheels" (1879).
TROYES, Pierre de, French soldier, b. in
France ; d. at Niagara in 1687. He had seen much
service both in France and Canada, and commanded
a troop of eighty men in the Hudson bay expedi-
tion of 1686. He arrived at the head of Hudson
bay on 20 June, and at once laid siege to Monsipi
fort, on the Monsoni river, which he finally carried
by assault. He held a command of regulars in
Denonville's campaign of 1687. He was sent the
same year to take charge, with 100 men, of a fort
which had been erected at Niagara. But sickness
attacked the garrison, which, with its commander,
perished in a short time, according to Charlevoix
in his " Histoire de la Nouvelle France." La Hon-
tan in his " Nouveaux voyages " (The Hague, 1703)
says that some escaped. See also "Histoire de
l'Amerique Septentrionale," by De la Potherie.
TRUDEL, Francois-Xavier Anselme, Canadian journalist, b. in Sainte Anne de la Parade, Quebec, 29 April, 1838. He was educated at Nico-
let college, studied law, was admitted to the bar in
1861, and appointed queen's counsel in 1880. He
was editor of " La Minerve " in Montreal in 1860,
founded " L'Etendard," a French daily, of which
he is part-proprietor and editor, and is also editor
of " La Revue Canadienne " and " L'Ouvrier."
He represented Champlain in the Quebec assembly
in 1871-3, and became a member of the Dominion
parliament, 31 Oct., 1873. He was one of the au-
thors of the " Programme Catholique " (1871), and
wrote several political pamphlets. He has been
for several vears president of the " Cercle literaire "
and the " Union Catholique " of Montreal.
TRUE, Charles Kittridge, educator, b. in Portland,
Me., 14 Aug., 1809; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 20
June, 1878. He was graduated at Harvard in
1832, and was subsequently pastor of various
Methodist churches, and principal of the Amenia
seminary, N. Y. He was professor of moral and
intellectual philosophy at Wesleyan in 1849-'60.
Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1849. He
edited the “Oregonian and Indian Advocate” in
1839, in Boston, Mass., and was the author of
“Elements of Logic” (Boston, 1840); “Shawmut, or the
Settlement of Boston” (1845); “John Winthrop
