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but he resigned on 27 April, 1861, and entered the Confederate service. He was made brigadier-gen- eral and given command of Richmond, where he had charge of Libby prison and Belle Isle. Sub- sequently he was sent to command the prison-pen at Anderson ville, Ga., where his cruelties to the prisoners made his name a reproach.

WINDOM, William, senator, b. in Belmont county, Ohio, 10 May, 1827. He received an aca- demic education, studied law at Mount Vernon, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. In 1852 he became prosecuting attorney for Knox county, but in 1855 he removed to Minnesota, and soon afterward he was chosen to con- gress from that state as a Repub- lican, serving from 1859 till 1869. In that body he served two terms as chairman of the committee on Indian affairs and also was at the head of the spe- cial committee to visit the western tribes in 1865, and of that on the

conduct of the

commissioner of Indian affairs in 1867. In 1870 he was appointed to the U. S. senate to fill the unexpired term of Daniel S. Norton, deceased, and he was subsequently chosen for the term that ended in 1877. He was re-elected for the one that closed in 1883, and resigned in 1881 to enter the cabinet of President Garfield as secretary of the treasury, but retired on the accession of President Arthur in the same year, and was elected by the Minnesota legislature to serve the remainder of his term in the senate. In that body Mr. Windom acted as chairman of the committees on appropria- tions, foreign affairs, and transportation.

WINDS, William, soldier, b. in Southhold, Long Island, N. Y., in 1727; d. in Rockaway, Mor- ris co., N. J., 12 Oct., 1789. While yet a young man he fixed his residence in New Jersey, pur- chasing a large tract of land in Morris county, where, by reason of his wealth and natural abili- ties, he became a leader of the people. Hundreds of traditions are still repeated in relation to him, many of which are doubtless true, and all of which represent him as a man of great courage, as well as of rare physical and mental powers. He first became prominent at the age of thirty when he served as a captain in the brigade that was raised in New Jersey, in 1758, to aid in the conquest of Canada. Many stories are related of his exploits in the old French war, but they are not so fully authenticated as to give them a place in history. In 1765 he was one of the king's justices of the peace for Morris county, and it is said that in his official transactions he boldly resisted the enforce- ment of the stamp-act. substituting the bark of the white birch for the stamped paper, no one daring to call in question the validity of any legal instru- ment that he prepared on no matter what kind of material. In 1772 and 1775 he represented Morris county in the general assembly of New Jersey, and he was also chosen a delegate to the Provincial congress that assembled in New Brunswick in 1776. Under the first call for troops from New Jersey by this congress, he was made lieutenant- colonel of the 1st battalion, 7 Nov., 1775, Lord Stirling being colonel. On 7 March, 1776, he was promoted colonel of the same, and on 4 March, 1777, he was made brigadier-general of militia. Under his first appointment he was stationed at Perth Amboy, N. J., and while there held in his custody, as a prisoner, Gov. William Franklin, the last of the royal governors of New Jersey. On being made brigadier-general, he was ordered to the north on the expedition against Canada, and was among the few that survived that campaign. Subsequentlv he served in New Jersev.

WINDSHIP, George Barker, athlete, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 3 Jan., 1834; d. there, 14 Sept., 1876. His father, grandfather, and great-grand- father were all physicians; the last-named. Dr. Amos Windship, was surgeon on the "Alliance," under John Paul Jones. George entered Harvard in 1850, and in his freshman year was induced to pay special attention to physical training by ridi- cule of his weakness and small stature. He was graduated in 1854, and at the medical department in 1857, and while engaged in active practice kept himself in training and gave particular attention to lifting, devising a harness with which, by con- stantly increasing his load, he finally succeeded in raising from the ground 2,600 pounds, a greater weight than any one else had ever lifted. He gave public lectures on " Physical Culture " illustrating them with feats of strength, and thus attained a wide reputation. Out of his experiments has grown the modern system of health-lifting ; but he carried them too far, and was attacked by a paralytic affec- tion, which resulted in his death. Besides his lift- ing-apparatus, Dr. Windship invented a system of graduated dumb-bells.

WINEBRENNER, John, founder of a sect, b. in Frederick county, Md., 24 March, 1797; d. in Harrisburg, Pa.. 12 Sept., 1860. He was partly educated at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., studied theology in Philadelphia, and was ordained by the synod of the German Reformed church in September, 1820, at Hagerstown, Md. The same year he was called to the Salem church at Harrisburg, Pa., and at the same time he ministered to churches in the neighborhood. He retained his connection with the Harrisburg charge till 1827, when, owing to his religious views on revivals, Sunday-schools, and the early temperance and anti-slavery movements, and to his allowing non-ordained persons to preach in his pulpit, he became obnoxious to his congregation, and a separation took place. His connection with the Reformed church ceased by the action of the synod in September, 1828. In several pamphlets that he subsequently issued he defended his principles from the attacks of his opponents and continued active as a preacher. In October, 1830, he established a new denomination that he called the "Church of God," whose members were at that time known as Winebrennerians. They hold that there are three positive ordinances of perpetual standing : baptism bf immersion, the washing of feet, and the Lord's supper. Baptism, however, they do not regard as necessarily preceding church fellowship, faith in Christ being considered the prerequisite to admission into their communion. Washing the feet of disciples they hold as being obligatory on all Christians, and they also approve of fasts, experiencemeetings, and camp-meetings. Mr. Winebrenner met with remarkable success as the founder of a new sect. The ministers of that denomination now (1889) number about 500. and the membership probably 65,000. They have a foreign and domestic