Bulnes and fought under him in the battle of Yun- fay. 20 Jan., 1839, which put an end to the Peru- lolivian confederation. In 1841 the Bolivian gen- eral, Ballivian, invaded Peru again, and Iguain marched against him in command of a brigade under Gen. Gamarra, who was defeated at Ingavi on 18 Nov. Iguain was then promoted general and retired to private life, but took part in the revolu- tion against the dictator Vivanco in 1843, and after his defeat was banished to Chili.
IHERING, Mauritius van (e-air'-ing), Dutch
mariner, b. in Minden in 1580 : d. in Amsterdam
in 1635. He served under Le Maire when that
navigator discovered in 1616 the strait that bears
his name, and afterward commanded several expe-
ditions to the South American coast. The Span-
ish government was meanwhile greatly disturbed
by the discovery of Le Maire, which enabled the
Dutch to reach the Pacific ocean in a few days.
Philip III. suggested the possibility of erecting
fortifications on the banks of the strait, and so
closing the passage, and he sent in 1618 an expe-
dition commanded by Alfonso and Estevan Nodal,
with orders to make a thorough exploration of the
strait. When the navigators returned to Europe
in 1620, the supreme council of the Netherlands
determined to protect Dutch interests. Ihering
was given four ships and ordered to take possession
of the shores of the strait and build a fortress, if
he thought it necessary. He sailed from Amster-
dam in September, 1626, and on 27 Dec. discov-
ered the Los Reyes islands, where he encountered
dangerous rocks, and ascertained their exact posi-
tion, although he had only defective instruments.
He then entered the Strait of Le Maire, discovered
the Bay of Mauritius, and again, in lat. 56° 9' S.,
found some rocks and seven small islands, which
he named the Stattsonder islands. He landed af-
terward on the western coast of Tierra del Fuego,
and then sailed around that island. On returning
he made soundings, ascertaining that the depth of
the Strait of Le Maire was on an average fifty-two
fathoms, and, continuing till he was 125 miles from
the South American coast, he discovered that the
ocean increased in depth. He reached Amsterdam
in December, 1627, and published his journal,
" Relation de Texpedition envoyee au detroit de
Le Maire par Messeigneurs des Etats sous la con-
duite du Capitaine Maurice d'lhering, de Septem-
bre, 1626, a Decembre, 1627" (2 vols.. Amsterdam).
ILES, Malvern Wells, metallurgist, b. in Mid-
way, Ky., 7 Aug., 1852. He was graduated at
Columbia school of mines in 1875, and became a
fellow at the Johns Hopkins university, where he
spent two years in researches on the sulphuric acids
of xylol. Subsequently he was chemist and assayer
to the Utica mining and milling company, and
later metallurgist to the Omaha and Grant smelt-
ing company, and superintendent and metallurgist
to the Holden smelting company in Denver, Col.
He received the degree of Ph. D. from Columbia in
1876, and his researches, originally in pure chemis-
try, have gradually extended to improvements in
the smelting of lead and silver, in which branch
he is an accepted authority. His scientific papers.
nearly fifty in number, have been contributed to
the " American Journal of Science," " The Ameri-
can Chemical Journal," and other like periodicals.
Dr. lies is a member of scientific societies both in
the United States and Europe.
ILLATOPA, or ILLA TUPAC (eel-yah-to'-pa),
Peruvian soldier, b. in the latter part of the 15th
century; d. in 1542. He was a relative of the Inca
Huaina Capac, and a councillor at his court. In
early life he entered the army and accompanied
the Inca in his conquests. In his travels through
the country he became acquainted with the princi-
pal chiefs of the army, and acquired a perfect
knowledge of the position of places and ways of
communication between the provinces of the em-
pire. After the death of Huaina Capac, Illa-
topa followed the party of Atahualpa, and served
as an officer in the battles of Quito and Tumbez,
and, when the Inca was made a prisoner and at last
put to death by the Spaniards, he joined Manco
Inca Iupanqui, brother of Atahualpa, and per-
suaded him to claim the crown and proclaim him-
self king. Illatopa was active in promoting the
desire of the Peruvians for independence, and
raised a respectable army. Toward the east he oc-
cupied the provinces of Ruparupa and Huanuco,
whence he carried on the war against the conquer-
ors. Alonzo de Alvarado was sent by the govern-
ment of Lima to repress the rebellion of the In-
dians, but was defeated, and the government, in the
greatest alarm, sent Gomez de Alvarado, but he
was also defeated in Chachapoyas. The Indians
then believed that Illatopa could lead them to vic-
tory against the Spaniards, and accordingly rose in
a general revolution. The Spaniards were in great
danger, but the governor, Yaea de Castro, offered
a price for the head of Illatopa, and the Spanish
captain Juan de Vargas proposed to procure it.
Accordingly he went to the Peruvians pretending
to be a persecuted man, and. being received with
hospitality, in a short time found an opportunity
for murdering the chief.
ILLIERS, Henry Louis, Comte d' (eel-yay'),
French soldier, b. in the principality of Ligne, Lux-
embourg, in 1750; d. in Paris in 1794. He entered
the French army, served in the war of American
independence, and saved, at Brandywine, his friend
Pulaski, who had been dangerously wounded dur-
ing the battle. He acted for awhile in 1778 as
ordnance officer of Lafayette, and, when peace was
signed, became a member of the Society of the Cin-
cinnati. He went to Jamaica in 178(5. and was ap-
pointed by Charles III. chief of police of that isl-
and, but had some difficulty with the governor-
general, and, being ordered to leave, took refuge in
Guadeloupe, where in 1787. through the recommen-
dation of the Count of Bouille. he was made lieu-
tenant of the king in Pointe a Pitre. At the be-
ginning of the French revolution he asked to serve
in France, and, receiving the brevet of colonel, was
attached in that capacity to the army of Custine,
who surrendered on 23 July, 1793, in Mayence to
the Prussian forces. Custine, together with Illiers
and other officers of his army, was tried by a court-
martial and condemned to death. Count d'llliers
is the author of " Histoire de la guerre d'Ame-
rique " (2 vols., Pointe a Pitre, 1790), and " Histoire
de la domination Espagnole dans les iles de l'Ame-
rique appelees Antilles" (2 vols., 1789).
ILLIGEN. Andre (eel-le-zahn'), French buccaneer, b. in Ixelles. near Brussels, in 1638 ; d. in Panama in 1670. He served as a petty officer on a Dutch merchant-vessel, which was captured in Jamaica waters by a Spanish man-of-war in 1664. and was sentenced to death as a rebel, but was delivered by the buccaneer Montbars. Illigen then enlisted
under Montbars, and soon became famous among the buccaneers for his courage. He was elected a chief in 1665. pillaged and sacked the cities of Puerto Cabello, San Antonio de Gibraltar, and others in 1665-'7, and otherwise caused the Spaniards such losses that the government offered a reward
of 3.000 piastres for his head. Illigen now swore to be revenged, and. having joined Sir Henry Morgan the same year, took Aux Cayes and devastated
