ton theological seminary on the connection of re- vealed religion and physical and ethnological sci- ence, also giving courses in the Union theological seminary in New York and in Columbia college. At the Smithsonian institution he delivered five lectures in 1853 on the " Harmonies of Nature and History," and in 1862 six lectures on " The Unity of Plan in the System of Life." He founded the museum in Princeton, which has since become one of the best of its kind in the United States. Many of its specimens are from his own collections, or were gathered by his students on the exploring expedi- tions sent out to the Rocky mountains from Prince- ton. His scientific work in the United States in- cluded the perfection of plans for a national system of meteorological observations. Most of these were conducted under the auspices of the Smithsonian institution, where Joseph Henry early gained for him the virtual management of the meteorologi- cal department. In connection with this work he published " Meteorological and Physical Tables " (Washington, 1852 ; revised ed., 1884). The selec- tion and establishment of numerous meteorological stations in New York and Massachusetts were con- fided to him, and he also made a study of the alti- tudes of the Appalachian chain. This vacation work extended over thirty-two years, and was completed in 1881. Prof. Guyot was a member of many scientific societies, at home and abroad. He was one of the original members of the National academy of sciences. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Union in 1873. Prof. Guyot was a delegate, in 1861, from the Presbyterian church in the United States to the convention of the Evangelical alliance held in Geneva, and in 1873 he contributed a valuable paper on " Cosmog- ony and the Bible " to the meeting held in New York. Between 1866 and 1875 he prepared a series of geographies and a series of wall-maps, for which he received a medal of progress at the Vienna ex- hibition in 1873. He was associated with Fred- erick A. P. Barnard in the editorship of "John- son's New Universal Cyclopaedia" from 1874 till 1877, and wrote many of the articles on physical geography and similar topics. His papers were usually read at the meetings of the American asso- ciation for the advancement of science or the Na- tional academy of sciences, and then published in the "American Journal of Science." He was the author of valuable biographical memoirs of Carl Ritter (1860) ; James H. Coffin (1875) ; and Louis Agassiz (1883) ; also " A Treatise on Phvsical Ge- ography " (New York, 1873) ; and " Creation, or the Biblical Cosmogony in the Light of Modern Sci- ence " (1884). See the memoir by James A. Dana in " Biographical Memoirs of the National Acad- emy of Sciences" (Washington, 1886).
GUZMAN, Agustin, Guatemalan soldier, b.
in Quezaltenango in the latter part of the 18th
century; d. in Guatemala, 12 Oct., 1849. After
the independence of Central America was estab-
lished, Guzman joined the Federalists, and for his
capture of the fortress of Omoa was promoted gen-
eral in 1829. In February. 1840. he was taken
prisoner, carried to Guatemala, and thrown into a
dungeon. On 18 March, Gen. Morazan captured
the city and liberated him. but the next day was
driven out. Guzman remained in hiding in Gua-
temala, emigrating afterward to Salvador. In
August, 1848, Carrera's government fell, and Guz-
man returned ; but when Carrera regained power,
9 Aug., 1849, Guzman was again persecuted. The
Liberal party chose him for their military leader,
and he made a daring attempt on the city of Gua-
temala in the night of 12 Oct., and had captured
the main square, when a cannon-ball killed him,
and his followers fled.
GUZMAN, Joaquin Eufrasio, Central American statesman, b. in Cartago, Costa Rica, in 1801 ;
d. in San Miguel, Salvador, about 1875. In the
dissensions between the Federal and Centralist par-
ties, Guzman joined the former, and became lieu-
tenant-colonel. He was elected vice-president of
Salvador in 1844. with Gen. Malespin as president,
and when, in the same year, war was declared with
Guatemala, Guzman became acting president, while
Malespin commanded the army in person. After-
ward, while Malespin was making war on Nicara-
gua, Guzman pronounced against him, 2 Feb.,
1845, and was joined by the greater part of the
inhabitants of the capital, and a portion of Males-
pin's little army. Malespin was deposed, and Guz-
man assumed the executive office till the end of
the presidential term. Malespin, with a force from
Honduras, invaded the state, but was defeated and
assassinated. Guzman was rewarded by the assem-
bly with the rank of general of division, but fa-
vored a free election, and in 1848 delivered the
office to his successor, Aguilar. He was several
times elected to the legislative assembly, the coun-
cil of state, and the prefecture of the department
where he ^resided.
GUZMAN, Nufio Beltran de, Spanish con-
queror, b. in Guadalajara, New Castile, in the
latter part of the 15th century ; d. in Torrejon de
Velasco, Spain, in 1544. He was one of the first
judges of the island of Hispaniola, when he was
suddenly appointed governor of the province of
Panuco, Mexico. He took charge of his govern-
ment on 20 May, 1528, and, not finding there the
riches that he expected, he began to barter his In-
dian subjects for horses and cattle from Hispani-
ola. When Cortes retired to Texcoco, Guzman
was nominated president of the audiencia, and
took charge of the government of Mexico in De-
cember, 1528. When Bishop Zumarraga opposed
his cruelties, he resolved to set out. on a conquer-
ing expedition to the west. Earlv in November,
1529, he left Mexico with 500 Spaniards and 10,000
Indian auxiliaries. He conquered the state of
Jalisco, which he called Nueva Galicia, founded
the city of Guadalajara on 3 Dec, 1530, and after-
ward the towns of Lagos and Tepic, and sent an
expedition under Cristobal de Onate to explore the
northwestern coast, which penetrated to Culiacan
and Magdalena in Sonora. When the new audien-
cia under Fuenleal arrived in 1531, Guzman was
indicted and ordered to appear in Mexico, but dis-
obeyed, and captured Luis de Castilla, who had
been sent with a force to subdue him. By royal
decree of May, 1533, he was ordered to submit to
the captain-general of Mexico, and, seeing him-
self abandoned by the greater part of his follow-
ers, he resolved to go to Spain. On his arrival in
Mexico, he was well received by the new viceroy,
Mendoza ; but a few days afterward Perez de la
Torre, who had been commissioned by a royal de-
cree to judge Guzman's administration, arrived
and immediately imprisoned the latter. Guzman
was kept in a dungeon over a year, sent to Spain
in 1538, and confined in Torrejon de la Vega, where
he died in poverty. He is said to have written a
description of his conquest, under the title of " No-
ticia y Relacion de la Conquista de Michoaean y
Jalisco," the manuscript of which is mentioned by
Lopez de Haro and Leon Pinelo, and was probably
used by Mota Padilla in his " Historia de la Con-
quista de r la Nueva Galicia."
GUZMAN, Rui Diaz de, Spanish-American historian, b. in Paraguay in 1544. The date and
