Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1892, volume 3).djvu/89

St. Clairsville from August, 1813, to 1817, and in 1822 removed to Cincinnati, where he edited the “Gazette” from 1825 till his death. He was a member of the Ohio legislature in 1816-'18 and 1820, and was reporter of the Ohio supreme court in 1823-'38. He was an earnest advocate for a system of internal improvements, and of a thorough common-school system. He published “Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Ohio, 1821-'39” (9 vols., Cincinnati, 1833-'40).

HAMMOND, Dudley Whitlock, surgeon, b. in Pickens county, S. C. 12 May, 1809. He stud- ied medicine in Charleston, and settled first at Ruchersville, Elbert co., and then at Culloden, Monroe co., Ga., where he remained for more than twenty years. In 1853 he removed to Macon, where he still (1887) resides. Although his prac- tice is general, he has performed most of the capi- tal operations, among them that of lithotomy twenty-three times without the loss of a patient. He is the author of a paper on " An Improved Plan for extracting Urethral Calculi," which was published in the " Transactions " of the Georgia medical association for 1870.

HAMMOND, Edward Payson, evangelist, b. in Ellington, Conn., 1 Sept., 1831. He was graduated at Williams in 1858, studied two years in the Union theological seminary, New York city, and in 1860-'l completed his studies in the theological seminary of the Free Church, Edinburgh, Scotland. He was ordained as an evangelist by the presbytery of New York, 2 Jan., 1863, and in the spring of 1864 began laboring in Chicago with Dwight L. Moody. In 1866-'8 Mr. Hammond made an extended tour through Great Britain, France, Italy, Egypt, and Palestine, and in 1867 held services for six weeks in London, where he was instrumental in establish- ing the " Children's Special Service Mission." His labors in St. Louis in 1874 resulted in the addition of over 5,000 members to the different churches and in the organization of the " Evangelical Alliance of St. Louis," comprising clergymen of all denomina- tions, who united to prosecute evangelistic work. In 1874 he also made a missionary tour as far north as Alaska, reaching that territory before any other missionary. Mr. Hammond has preached with great success in all parts of the United States and in Canada, and has spent in all six and a half years in work in the Old World. In 1886 he conducted a series of meetings in London, extending over seven months. Mr. Hammond was the first to in- troduce the " service of song," and to use the kind of hymns that have since become popular -for such meetings. He is the author of about one hundred books and tracts, besides many hymns. The former include " The Conversion of Children " (reprinted in many countries, and in lands as far distant as southern India), " Gathered Lambs," "The Child's Guide to Heaven," "Sketches of Palestine," " Jesus the Lamb of God," " Little Ones in the Fold," and " The Better Life." One of Mr. Hammond's hymn-books has been trans- lated into Norwegian and Swedish. His history and methods of work are described in " Reaper and Harvest," by the Rev. Phineas C. Headley (New York, 1884).

HAMMOND, Elisha, educator, b. in New Bed- ford, Mass., 10 Oct., 1774; d. in Macon, Ga., 27 July, 1829. He was descended from Benjamin Hammond, who came from England to Massachu- setts in 1634. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1802, and became principal of the Mount Bethel academy, Newberry county, S. C, in 1803. In April, 1806, he was chosen professor of languages in South Carolina college, but resigned at the end of the following year to resume his connection with the school at Mount Bethel. There he re- mained until 1815, when he removed to Columbia. Prof. Hammond ranked high as a teacher, and from his academy were graduated many well-known citizens. — His son, James Henry, statesman, b. in Newberry district, 15 Nov., 1807; d. in Beech Island, Aiken co., S. C., 13 Nov., 1864, was gradu- ated at South Carolina college in 1825, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. In 1830 he became the editor of the "Southern Times," published at Columbia, in which he advocated nullification. He was throughout his life a supporter of John C. Calhoun's views. During the nullification excite- ment he was on the staff of Gov. Ham- ilton, and subse- quently on that of Gov. Hayne. He was elected to con- gress, serving from 7 Dec, 1835, till 16 Feb., 1836, when he resigned, on account of impaired health, and visited Europe, remaining abroad for nearly two years.

From 1842 till 1844

he was governor of South Carolina. During his term of office he gave especial attention to the improvement of military education in the state, and established the State geological and agricul- tural survey. For the next thirteen years Mr. Hammond, who had given up the active practice of his profession on his marriage to a lady of large fortune, devoted his attention to the development of his estates and the reclaiming of waste land. He was then elected to the U. S. senate in place of An- drew P. Butler, and served from 7 Dec, 1857, till 11 Nov., 1860. In March, 1858, he delivered a speech on the admission of Kansas, which gave much offence at the north, and won for him the title of " Mudsill Hammond." The following is the para- graph to which most exception was taken : " In all social systems there must be a class to do the mean duties, to perform the drudgery of life ; that is, a class requiring but a low order of intellect and but little skill. Its requisites are vigor, do- cility, fidelity. Such a class you must have, or you would not have that other class which leads prog- ress, refinement, and civilization. It constitutes the very mudsills of society and of political gov- ernment; and you might as well attempt to build a house in the air as to build either the one or the other except on the mudsills. Fortunately for the south, she found a race adapted to that purpose to her hand — a race inferior to herself, but eminently qualified in temper, in vigor, in docility, in capa- city to stand the climate, to answer all her pur- poses. We use them for the purpose and call them slaves. We are old-fashioned at the south yet ; it is a word discarded now by ears polite ; but 1 will not characterize that class at the north with that term ; but you have it ; it is there ; it is every- where ; it is eternal." In a recent letter the speak- er's son, Harry, thus explains the reference to " mudsills " in the foregoing extract : " It is a very great mistake to suppose that my father could ever have made a speech against the working-classes. ... As to ' mudsills,' a totally perverted meaning has been fastened to the expression. My father