and was rewarded with the government of Los I Angeles, where he died shortly afterward.
RIVERA, Jose Fructnoso (re-vay -rah), presi-
dent of Uruguay, b. in Paysandu in 1790: d. in
Montevideo, 13 Jan., 1854. He was a "gaucho,"
began to serve under Artigas against the Spaniards
in 1811, and when, in 1814, hostilities between that
chief and the Argentine general, Alvear, began,
Rivera, in command of a division, defeated Dorre-
go, 10 Jan., 1815, at Guayabos, and entered Monte-
video, of which he was appointed commander by
Artigas. During the Portuguese invasion Rivera
was his lieutenant, but in 1820 he capitulated on
condition that his rank of colonel should be rec-
ognized, and that he should be kept in command of
a regiment of gaucho cavalry. On the invasion of
the province by Jose Antonio Lavalleja (q. <.), he
was surprised by that chief, on 29 May, 1825, but
immediately went over to him with all the forces
at his command, and took a brilliant part in the
battle of Sarandi on 12 Oct., for which he was re-
warded by the Argentine congress with a pension.
In August. 1826, when Rivadavia appointed Gen.
Alvear chief of the Argentine auxiliaries, there
were disagreements, and Rivera, refusing his aid,
was outlawed and fled to Corrientes. But on 21
April, 1827, he returned with 100 adventurers from
Santa Fe, invaded the Brazilian missions, and, gath-
ering and disciplining a force of 1,800 Indians, kept
the Brazilian army in check. For this he was par-
doned, and when, after the independence, Laval-
leja assumed the provisional presidency, 25 April,
1829, he appointed Rivera commander-in-chief.
After the proclamation of the constitution, con-
gress elected Rivera president, 24 Oct., 1829 ; but
Lavalleja plotted against him, and began an armed
rebellion in 1832, but was defeated, 20 Sept., and
forced to take refuge in Brazil. A> piv-idcnt, Ri-
vera paid little attention to the constitution, in-
troducing a purely personal and arbitrary govern-
ment. Although he was not dishonest for his own
gain, he allowed his friends and former officers
to pilfer the treasury, yet the commercial pros-
perity of the country increased greatly. Lavalleja
tried the fortunes of war once more in 1834, but
was defeated and again took refuge in Brazil. In
the elections of that year the opposition or Federal
party obtained the victory, and on 1 March, 1835,
Gen. Oribe was installed president ; but he appoint-
ed Rivera commander-in-chief. By instigation
of the dictator Rosas (q. v.), Oribe persecuted the
unionist chiefs, and finally, being authorized by
congress, called Rivera before a court of inquiry
for smile arbitrary measures. The latter rose in
rebellion, 16 July, 1836, declared the president a
traitor to the nation for his connivance with Rosas,
and, aided by the gauchos, the unionists, and the
foreign colony, began a struggle against the gov-
ernment. After a long civil war, Oribe resigned,
20 Oct., 1838, and Rivera was elected president.
The former took refuge with Rosas, who gave him
the command of an army to subdue the revolution
of Lavalle and La Madrid (q. >:), and declared war
against Uruguay in 1842. Rivera invaded the
province of Corrientes, but was defeated by Oribe
at Arroyo Grande on 6 Nov. The victorious army
in its turn invaded Uruguay, and in February, 1843,
the famous siege of Montevideo began. Rivera,
leaving Gen. Paz in charge, left with the cavalry to
open a campaign in the interior, and held part of
Rosas's army in check for two years, till it was re-
enforced by Gen. Urquiza with 40.000 men, and
Rivera was defeated at India Muerta, 28 March,
1845. But finally Brazil signed a iivaly with Uru-
guay, 29 May, 1851, Oribe was killed in battle on
Jan., 1852, and Rosas was defeated at Monte
Caseros on 3 Feb. Juan Francisco Giro was I'lrct- ed president, 1 March, 1852, and Rivera aided Gen. Venancio Flores in an insurrection. President Giro fled to a neutral man-of-war, and Flores, de- claring the executive chair vacant, instituted a tri- umvirate composed of himself, Lavalleja, and Ri- vera : but the two latter soon died. The two chief towns of the department of Taeuarembo have been named after him, Rivera and San Fructuoso.
RIVERO, Mariano Eduardo de (re-vay'-ro),
Peruvian scientist, b. in Arequipa in 1799; d. in
Paris, France, 6 Nov., 1857. At the age of twelve
he was sent to Europe and entered the college at
Highgate, near London, studying chemistry under
Sir Humphrey Davy. In 1816 he went to Par-
is, where, after many difficulties, he was admitted
in 1818 to the Royal college of mines. In 1820 he
went to Germany to study the metallurgical dis-
trict of Freiberg^ and discovered a new substance,
which he called Humboltina. He made known in
Europe the sodium nitrate of Tarapaca, which soon
became one of the principal exports of Peru. Af-
terward lie made a scientific trip to Spain, visiting
the mines, especially those of mercury at Almaden.
He returned to Paris in 1822, and there met Zea,
the Colombian minister, by whom he was commis-
sioned to go to Bogota to establish a mining-school.
He selected some of his college companions to aid
him ; and on their arrival in Venezuela, where they
were well received by Gen. Bolivar, they began
work, obtaining good results and making many
discoveries. After three years he was called by his
family to Peru, and resigned the charge of director
of the school, Gen. Bolivar appointing him instead
general director of mines and public instruction of
Peru, which appointment was confirmed by Gen.
La Mar, president of that republic. After his ar-
rival in 1825 he devoted his time to science, and,
together with Nicolas de Pierola (q. v.), published,
from 1826 till 1828, the " Memorial de Ciencias Nat-
urales." In 1829, during the civil war, he was de-
posed and obliged to retire to Chili, where he made
extensive geological studies. On his return to Peru
the government appointed him director of the Mu-
seum of natural history and antiquities of Lima.
In 1832 he was a member of the national congress,
as deputy for the province of Cailloma: but in
1834, on account of his health, he retired to Are-
quipa. In 1840 Gen. Gamarra reinstated him in
the direction of the museum and public works. In
1851 he accepted the charge of consul-general in
Belgium, but he returned to Peru in 1852. In 1854
he again occupied his place in Belgium. Rivero
was a member of many foreign scientific societies.
He wrote " Memoria sobre las aguas minerales de
Yuro y otros puntos cercanos a Arequipa " (Lima,
1827) ;' " Antigliedades Peruanas,' 1 with Dr. von
Tschudi (Vienna. 1851); " Apuntes estadisticos del
Departamento de Junin" (Brussels, 1855); and
" G'oleccion de memorias cientificas, agricolas e in-
dustriales" (2 vols., 1856-'7).
RIVERS, Richard Henderson, clergyman, b. in Montgomery county, Tenn., 11 Sept.. 1814. He was graduated at La Grange college, Ala., in 1835, the same year was chosen assistant professor of languages in that institution, and in 1836-'41 was full professor. In 1843 he was elected president of the
Athens female seminary, and in 1848 became proEessor of moral science in Centenary college, Jackson, La., and in 1849 was elected its president, which office he held till 1854. In that year he became president of La Grange college, of which he retained
charge till the civil war. and he subsequently assumed the presidency of Centenary college, Sum-
