the government of Canada, while the Earl of Elgin was absent in England. He was knighted in 1850, and was a field-marshal, and colonel of the 52d foot at the time of his death.
ROWLAND, Henry Augustus, clergyman, b.
in Windsor, Conn., 18 Sept, 1804; d. in Boston,
4 Sept., 1859. He was graduated at Yale in 1823,
and at Andover theological seminary in 1827. During
the three years following he was agent of the
American Bible society in New York and
Connecticut, and he was ordained in the Presbyterian
church on 24 Nov., 1830. He was called to
Fayetteville, N. C., in 1831, and three years later to
the pastorate of the Pearl street church, New York
city. In 1843 he accepted charge of the Honesdale,
Pa., parish, and from 1855 till his death was
pastor of the Park Presbyterian church in Newark,
N. J. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him
by Union college in 1853. He published many
single sermons, and, besides contributions to the
religious press, was the author of “On the Common
Maxims of Infidelity” (New York, 1850); “The
Path of Life”(1851); “Light in a Dark Alley”
(1852); and “The Way of Peace” (1853). See
“Memorial of the Life and Services of the Late
Henry A. Rowland,” by E. R. Fairchild (New York,
1860).—His son, Henry Augustus, physicist, b. in
Honesdale, Pa., 27 Nov., 1848, was graduated at
Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1870 as a civil
engineer, and engaged during 1871 in the surveying
of a railroad in western New York. He then taught
for a time in Wooster university, but in 1872
returned to the institute as instructor in physics,
becoming assistant professor in 1874. Prof.
Rowland spent a year abroad studying with
Helmholtz in Berlin and in examining physical laboratories
in Europe. In 1876 he was invited to accept
the chair of physics, with charge of the laboratory,
in the newly founded Johns Hopkins university, and
he has since held that place. The honorary degree
of Ph. D. was conferred on him by that university
in 1880. He was a member of the electrical
congress that met in Paris in 1881, and served on the
jury of the electrical exhibition there in that year,
and fur his services was made a chevalier of the
Legion of honor. Prof. Rowland is a permanent
member of the International commission for
establishing electrical units, is corresponding member
of the British association for the advancement nf
science, one of the twelve foreign members of the
Physical society of London, and is an associate of
the American academy of arts and sciences, from
which in 1884 he received the Rumford medal for
his researches in light and heat, and in 1881 he
was elected to the National academy of sciences.
In 1883 he presided over the section on physics of
the American association for the advancement of
science at Minneapolis, and delivered a valuable
address entitled “A Plea for Pure Science.” His
original work has been extensive, and includes
numerous researches that have been made under
his supervision at the Johns Hopkins. While he
was in Berlin he showed experimentally that a
moving charge of statical electricity has the same
magnetic effect as a current. He has more recently
gained reputation by his large diffraction gratings,
which are ruled, by a method of his own, directly
on concave mirrors. An image of the spectrum is
thus produced without the aid of lenses. The
photographs of the solar spectrum that he has
succeeded in making with the aid of these gratings
surpass anything else of the kind that has ever
been done. They were exhibited to the National
academy of sciences in 1883. He has also made an
extremely accurate determination of the value of
the ohm, the absolute unit of electrical resistance.
Among his papers are “On Magnetic Permeability”
(1873); “On the Magnetic Permeability and
Maximum Magnetization of Nickel and Cobalt”
(1874); “Studies on Magnetic Distribution” (1875);
“On a Magnetic Effect of Electric Connection”
(1876); “Research on the Absolute Unit of
Electrical Resistance” (1878); “On the Mechanical
Equivalent of Heat” (1880); “On Concave Gratings
for Optical Purposes” (1883); “On the Relative
Wave-Lengths at the Lines of the Solar
Spectrum” (1886); and the article on “Screws” in the
“Encyclopaedia Britannica”; also he has published
“On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat” (Baltimore,
1880). and “Photographs of the Normal
Solar Spectrum” (seven plates, 1886).
ROWLANDSON, Mary, captive. She was a
daughter of John White, and wife of the Rev.
Joseph Rowlandson, the first minister of
Lancaster, Mass., who died in 1678. On 10 Feb., 1676,
during King Philip's war, the Indians surprised
and burned Lancaster, and took her captive. For
several days she had no food, and after her child
was frozen to death and buried in the forest, she
was sold by her Narragansett captor to a Sagamore
named Quanopin, in whose wife she found a “most
uncomfortable mistress,” who treated her with
insolence. The Indians with whom she lived
remained near the site of Petersham, Worcester co.,
Mass., until they crossed Connecticut river on hearing
that they were pursued. Mrs. Rowlandson
then met King Philip, who treated her with much
civility. Soon the Indians returned to Worcester
county. Timothy Dwight says: “Mrs. Rowlandson
went through almost every suffering but death.
She was beaten, kicked, turned out of doors, refused
food, insulted in the grossest manner, and at times
almost starved. Nothing but experience can enable
us to conceive what must be the hunger of a person
by whom the discovery of six acorns and two chestnuts
was regarded as a rich prize. At times, in
order to make her miserable, they announced to her
the death of her husband and children.” Her
captivity lasted nearly three months, and was ended
through the agency of a resident of Concord, Mass.
She was redeemed for about eighty dollars, which
was contributed by several women of Boston. She
published her experience in a book entitled the
“Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs.
Mary Rowlandson among the Indians” (Cambridge
and London, 1682; 2d ed., Boston, 1720; new ed.,
1723). The 5th edition was edited by Joseph
Willard (Lancaster, Mass., 1828).
ROWLEY. Thomas Algeo, soldier, b.in Pittsburg, Pa., 5 Oct., 1808 ; d. there, 14 May, 1890. He was educated in private schools, held several
public offices in Pittsburg, and entered the U. S. army as 2d lieutenant of Pennsylvania volunteers to serve in the war with Mexico. He was afterward
promoted to captain, and served in Maryland and District of Columbia regiments. From 1857 till 1860 he was clerk of the courts of Alleghany county, and at the beginning of the civil war he enlisted as
captain in the 13th Pennsylvania volunteers, and was promoted to be major and colonel. Re-enlisting as colonel of the 102d Pennsylvania volun-
teers, he served three years, was made brigadier-general for services at Fredericksburg. Ya.. on 29 Nov., 1862, and resigned his commission on 29 Dec.
1864. From 1866 till 1870 he was U. S. marshal for the western district of Pennsylvania, and he afterward practised law in Pittsburg, Pa.
ROWLEY. William Reuben, soldier, b. in Gouvernenr, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 8 Feb.. 1824; d. in Chicago, 111., 9 Feb., 1886. After teaching in
