hospital, and also one of the surgeons to the orthopedic surgery. He attained wide reputation as a surgeon, and was a rapid and skilful operator in every department. In his capacity of efficient surgeon as well as of consulting physician, he had many cases of great public and scientific importance, the best known being that of President Garfield. He made many valuable contributions to the literature of his profession, among which are works on "Practical Anatomy" (Philadelphia, 1867) and "Lacerations of the Female Perinæum and Vesico-vaginal Fistula" (1867), a series of sixty papers on "Anatomy and its Relation to Medicine and Surgery": and an exhaustive work on the "Principles and Practice of Surgery "(3 vols. 1878), which has been translated into the Japanese language, and was his chief work.
AGNUS, Félix, soldier, b. in Lyons. France, 4 July, 1839. He was educated at College Jolie Clair, near Paris, and in 1852 set out on a voyage around the world, spending four years in that manner. In 1860 he came to the United States, and at the beginning of the civil war enlisted in Duryea's 5th New York zouaves. At the battle of Big Bethel he saved the life of Gen. Judson Kilpatrick, and was promoted to 2d lieutenant. He aided in raising the 165th New York volunteers, in which he was given the color company. In the autumn of 1862 his regiment was sent to Louisiana, and he took part in the siege of Port Hudson where he was promoted major and for a time had command of his regiment. Subsequently he served in Texas, and, after attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel, was ordered to the 19th corps and served under Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, taking part in the battles of Opequam, Fisher's Hill, Winchester, and Cedar Creek. His last service was in the department of the South, where he was commissioned to dismantle the old Confederate forts in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and turn all the property over to the U.S. government. He received the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and was mustered out of service on 22 Aug., 1865. On resuming civil life he was given charge of the business department of the Baltimore "American," and he has since become its publisher.
AGUADO, Pedro (ah-goo-'ah-do), Spanish historian, b. in Valdemoro; d. in Yucatán about the end of the 16th century. Ho entered the Franciscan order in the province of Toledo, and after passing many years in the missions of South America was elected provincial of Yucatán. He wrote " Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada en 19 libros," a manuscript in two volumes, which probably may be found in the archives of the Indies. It was mentioned and extensively used by Father Pedro Simon in his "Noticias Historiales de Tierrafirme" (Cuenca. 1627).
AGUINALDO Y FAMY, Emilio, soldier, b. in the Philippine islands in 1872. He was educated at a private college under the direction of Dr. Cipriano Gourzalez, a Filipino. He then engaged in agriculture. In 1896 he became mayor of the town of Cavité. He first became prominent in the rebellion that broke out in 1896, the result of a conspiracy that had been in preparation for seven years in the Catipunan, the inner circle created for political purposes by the natives in the Masonic lodges into which the Spaniards had initiated them. The outbreak came in August, 1896. After fierce fighting in the later months of the year, in January, 1897. Aguinaldo advanced from Cavité into the province of Manila with about 8,000 troops, intending to carry the rebellion into sections that had not yet risen, and also to join forces with the insurgent general, Dimaluga. He was unsuccessful, however: the Spanish cleared the province by the middle of January, and forced Aguinaldo back into Cavité again. The Spaniards, for their part, were not able to carry successfully the campaign into the rebel strongholds, and the rebellion daily assumed more formidable proportions. The campaign was carried on with varying fortunes until the rainy season, when operations practically came to an end. When hostilities reopened in August, Aguinaldo had a force of about 4,000 men, and the other chiefs had forces ranging from 3,000 to smaller bands. He adopted the plan of exhausting the resources of the Spaniards rather than daring pitched battles. Under orders from Sagasta at Madrid, a more energetic policy was adopted by the Spaniards, so that toward the end of November Aguinaldo entered into negotiations for surrender. After some discussion, he ordered his people to assemble on 25 Dec., 1897, and lay down their arms. Before this date he and Llanera had been conveyed to Hong-Kong. When war became imminent between Spain and the United States in the winter and spring of 1898 he returned to the islands, the insurrection breaking out once more. After the defeat of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila by Admiral Dewey, on 1 May, 1898, the insurgents became more active, and surrounded Manila itself. Early in June it was announced that Aguinaldo had issued a proclamation indicating his intention to set up a native administration under American protection. He issued a decree for independence on 12 June, 1898, and on 13 July following the Philippine republic was proclaimed, with Aguinaldo as president of the council; Baldimiro Aguinaldo, his nephew, secretary of war; Leandro Ibaira, secretary of the interior; and Mariano Trias, secretary of state. They took their oath of office on 17 July. On 30 Aug. he asked the powers to recognize the republic. Aguinaldo called an assembly of the Filipinos, which met at Malotes on 15 Sept., and ratified on 30 Sept. the declaration of independence, to which there is much opposition.
Tension between the American forces and the Filipinos grew more strained as the year advanced. In December Gen. Otis, who had succeeded in command after Gen. Merritt had been called to advise the American Peace commissioners at Paris, was ordered by the Washington authorities to take Iloilo; he sent Gen. Carpenter upon the errand at once, but before the latter arrived the Filipinos had driven out the Spanish garrison, and were in possession. In January, 1899, Aguinaldo put forth a proclamation protesting against the American occupation and the American pretensions to sovereignty, denouncing the course of President McKinley, and calling upon the Filipinos to continue their struggle for liberty and independence. During the month the rebels concentrated about Manila. On the night of 4 Feb. the long-expected conflict began; after fourteen hours of continuous
