ANTIPOPE
582
ANTIVARI
named Vergilius, generally supposed to be identical
with the renowned Ferghil, an Irishman, and later
Archbishop of Salzburg. Among other alleged mis-
deeds and errors was numbered that of holding
"that bencatii the earth there was another world and
other men, another sun and moon". In reply, the
Pof)e directs St. Boniface to convoke a council and,
"if it be made clear" that Vergilius adheres to this
"perverse teaching, contrarj' to the Lord and to his
own soul", to "expel him from the Church, deprived
of his priestly dignity". This is the only informa-
tion that we possess regarding an incident which is
made to figure largely in the imaginary warfare be-
tween theology and science. That Vergilius was
ever really tried, condemned, or forced to retract, is
an assumption without any foundation in history.
On the contrary, if he was in fact the future Arch-
bishop of Salzburg, it is more natural to conclude
that he succeeded in convincing his censors that
by "other men" he did not understand a race of
human beings not descended from Adam and re-
deemed by the Lord; for it is patent that this was
the feature of his teaching which appeared to the
Pope to be "perverse" and "contrary to the Lord".
Instead of narrow censure, the Church and her
theologians deserve our highest esteem for having,
throughout the ages, firmly upheld the important
doctrine of the universal brotherhood of the human
race. At the same time we recognize that the case
of the Irish monk who suffered the penalty of being
several centuries in advance of his age remains on
the page of history, like the parallel case of Galileo,
as a solemn admonition against a hasty resort to
ecclesiastical censures. (See also Zachaey, Ver-
gilius.)
Barthelemy, Erreurs ei mensonfjes historiques (1875), I, 269- 285; Healy, Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars 569-571, (Dublin, 1890); Gilbert in Rev. des quest, sclent. (Oct., 1882). James F. Loughlin.
Antipope, a false claimant of the Holy See in opposition to a pontiff canonically elected. At various times in the liistory of the Church illegal pretenders to the Papal Chair have arisen, and frequently exerci.sed pontifical functions in defiance of the true occupant. According to Hergenrother, the last antipope was Felix V (1439-J9). The same authority enumerates twenty-nine in the following order: — Hippolytus(?), Ill century
Novatian, 251.
Felix II, 355-365.
Ursicinus, 366-367.
Eulalius, 418-^19.
Laurentius, 498-50L
Constantine II, 767.
Philip, VIII century.
Anastasius, 855.
Leo VIII, 9,56-963.
Boniface VII, 974.
John XVI, X century
Gregory, 1012.
Sylvester III, 1044.
Benedict X, 1058.
Honorius II, 1061-72.
Antiprobabilism.
Antiquity of Man
Antiramism.
Antisthenes
Guibert or Clement III,
lOSO-UOO.
Theodoric, 1100.
Aleric,- 1102.
Maginulf, 1105.
Burdin (Gregory VIII), 1118.
Anacletus II, 1130-38.
Victor IV, 1159-64.
Pascal III, 1164-68.
CaUxtus III, 1168-77.
Innocent III, 1178-80.
Nicholas V, 1328-30.
Robert of Geneva (Cle- ment VII). 20 Sept., 1378 to 16 Sept., 1394.
Amadeus of Savoy (Fe- lix V). Nov., 1439 to April, 1449.
See Prohadilism. See Man. Sec Ramus, Peter. See Cynic School of Philosophy.
Antitactae. Sec Gnostics.
Antitrinitarians. Sec Socinianism.
Antivari, The .\nriir)iocE8E of (Anlibarium), so
called from its poKition opposite to Bari in Italy,
the Catholic archiepiscopal see of Montenegro.
By the treaty of Berlin (1879) this ancient seaport
of Albania was adjuilged to the little inland prin-
cipality of the Black Mountain and shortly after
(1886) the Catholic Archdiocese was declared im-
mediately subject U) the Holy See, and reheved of
its suffragans Alessio, Pulati, Belgrade, and Sappa,
henceforth attached to Scutari. The See of An-
tivari claims to date from the fifth century; it was
certainly an episcopal see in the ninth and was
refounded in the course of the twelfth century. In
the early Middle Ages Antivari remained subject
to the Greek emperors; later it became one of the
numerous little Dalmatian republics that chose
their own laws and rulers, and finally fell under the
sway of the Serb kings. Towards the beginning of
the thirteenth century it sought union w-ith Venice,
but fifty years later became subject to Lewis of Hun-
gary, who lost it, in turn, to the Balza princes of
Teuta, and with these it returned eventually to Ven-
ice (1450). For almost a century Antivari enjoyed
the blessings of peace under Venetian dominion,
and her commerce flourished to the highest degree,
but in 1538, while Sultan Selim II was striving
against the Venetians in Dalmatia, the pasha of
Scutari besieged Antivari. After fierce combats
he was forced to retire, but in 1571 through the
treachery of its governor, Dopato, the town fell into
the hands of the Turks. The conditions of capitula-
tion were honourable, but the Turks ceasing to re-
spect them, one half of the citizens went into volun-
tary exile in order to preserve their faith, while
the other half embraced Islam. Jolm VIII, Arch-
bishop of Antivari, who had vainly tried to make
Donato offer resistance to the Turks, was taken
prisoner and handed over to Ali-Pasha, commander
of the fleet. Ali exhibited him everywhere dressed
in Ills pontifical vestments and put him to death
after the battle of Lepanto (7 Oct., 1571). In 1649
Foscolo, governor of Dalmatia for the Venetian
Republic, was persuaded by the Archbishop of
Antivari and a deputation of Christians to come to
their aid. His movements were betrayed to the
pasha of Scutari, who surprised his troops before
they could re-embark, and massacred a great num-
ber. Once more, in 1717, the Venetian governor
of Dalmatia tried to dehver Antivari, but the at-
tempt was again fruitless. At last, in 1878, Prince
Nicola of Montenegro Wctoriously entered the ancient
town and incorporated it with Montenegro. The
city has a population of about 8,000, many of whom
are Moslems. It is built on a lofty precipitous
site and offers now few traces of its ancient grandeur;
the streets are narrow, of a Turkish aspect, and the
houses miserable. Nevertheless thirty monasteries,
it is said, were once found within its walls. The
old castle is a ruin, but the Cathedral of St. George,
formerly transformed into a mosque, is well pre-
served. A few miles outside Antivari, near Cape
Volinizza, is the Virgin's Rock, theme of many a
national poet, whence in the time of Sultan Selim
(1524—73) a young girl threw herself into the sea
rather than fall into the hands of the Turks. The
population of Montenegro (1906) is about 300.000,
with some 6,789 Catholics. There are 27 churches
and chapels, 12 secular priests, and 9 religious.
Until the close of the Russo-Turkish War (1878)
the Catholics of Montenegro were subject to the
Vicar-.\postolic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. .A.
concorilat between the Holy See and the Prince
of Montenegro (18 Aug., 1886) now regulates the
status of the Catholics in the principahty. By its
terms the exercise of the Catholic religion is declared
free; the archbishop is chosen without interference
of the state, but must be an acceptalile cluiice (/«t-
sona (jrnta); the see is declared immediately subject
to the Pope, and the archbishop is to receive the title
