PROCESS
449
PROCONNESUS
carried, representing the one a lion, the other a dragon
(Rook, "The Church of Our Fathers", 1904, IV,
292). The use of a number of richly embroidered
banners in religious jirocessions of all kinds is now
customary in most parts of the Church, but the
Rituale Romanum (tit. IX, cap. i, 4, 5) seems to
contemplate only a single banner. "At the head of
the procession let a cross be carried, and where the
custom obtains a banner adorned with sacred de-
vices (sacris imaginibus insignitum), but not made in a
military or triangular shape".
Processional Hymns. — We may recognize a particular class of hymns which in the early Middle Ages were specially composed to be sung in pro- cessions, as distinct from the breviary hymns. These processional hymns were nearly always provided with a refrain. England was specially rich in such hymns, and several are to be found in the Sarum Processional. In the Roman liturgy we still retain the "Gloria, laus et honor" sung in the procession on Palm Sunday, and in the ceremony of the consecration of the oils on Maundy Thursday we have the hymn "O Re- demptor, sume carmen temet concinentium". Both these have a refrain, as has also the Easter hymn "Salve festa dies", which in different forms appears in the Processionals of both Sarum and York. The hymns "Vexilla Regis" and "Range lingua", though Bung in processions, lack a refrain and are less prop- erly processional hymns.
Barbier de Montault, Tralte pratique de la Construction etc. des Eglises, I CParia, 1878), 382-499: Rock, The Church o/ Our Fathers (2nd ed., London, 1904), II, 337 sq.. IV, 282 sq.; Wordsworth, Salisbury Ceremonies and Processions (Cambridge,
1901). Herbert Thurston.
Process of Canonization. See Beatification AND Canonization.
Processus and Martinian, Saints, martyrs whose dates are unknown. The " Martyrologium Hiero- nymianum" (ed. De Rossi-Duchesne, 85) gives under 2 July their names. The Berne manuscript of the Martyrology also gives their burial-place, viz. at the second milestone of the Via Aurelia. The old cata- logues of the burial places of the Roman martyrs like- wise mention the graves of both these saints on this road (De Rossi, "Roma sotterranea", I, 182-3). They were ijublicly venerated in Rome from the fourth or perhaps the third century, although nothing further is known. A legend makes them the keepers of the prison of Sts. Peter and Paul (Lipsius, "Apokryphe Apostelgeschich. u. Apostellegenden", II, Brunswick, 1887, 92, 105 sqq., 110 sq.). It cannot be shown how the legend came to give them this identification. Pope Paschal I (817-24) translated the bones of the two martyrs to a chapel in the old basilica of St. Peter; they still rest under the altar dedicated to them in the right transept of the present St. Peter's. Their feast is celebrated on 2 July.
Acta SS., July, I, 303-4; DuFOTJRCQ, Les Gesta martyrum romains, I (Paris, 1900), 170 sq., 233, 327 sqq.; Marucchi, Les catacombes romaines (2nd ed., Rome, 1903), 46 sqq.
J. P. KiRSCH.
Proclus, Saint, Patriarch of Constantinople, d. 446 or 447. Proclus came to the fore in the time of Atticus, the Patriarch of Constantinople who suc- ceeded (406) Arsacius who had been intruded upon the patriarchal throne after the violent deposition of St. John Chrysostom (404). "Proclus was a Lector at a very early age, and, assiduously frequenting the Schools, became devoted to the study of rhetoric. On attaining manhood he was in the habit of con- stant intercourse with Atticus, having been constituted his .secretary" (Socrates, "H. E.", VII, xl). From Atticus he received the diaconate and priesthood (ibid.). When Atticus died (425), there was a strong party in favour of Proclus, but Sissinius was even- tually chosen as his successor. Sissinius appointed him Archbishop of Cyzicus; but the Cyzicans chose a XII.— 29
bishop of their own, and no attempt was made to
force Proclus upon a reluctant people. Sissinius died
at the end of 427, and again Proclus was likely to be
appointed to the patriarchate, but eventually Nesto-
rius was chosen. Nestorius was deposed at the
Council of Ephesus (431) and Proclus was on the
I)oint of being made patriarch, but "some influential
persons interfered on the ground of its being forbidden
by the ecclesiastical canon that a person nominated
to one bishopric should be translated to another"
(Soc.jVII, xxxv). In consequence a priest, Maximian,
was appointed, upon whose death (424) Proclus suc-
ceeded. "The Emperor Theodosius wishing to pre-
vent the disturbances which usually attend the
election of a bishop, directed the bishops who were
then in the city to place Proclus in the episcopal
chair before the body of Maximian was interred, for
he had received letters from Celestine, Bishop of
Rome, approving of this election" (Soc, VII, xl).
In 438 Proclus brought the body of St. John Chrysos-
tom to Constantinople and placed it in the church of
the Apostles. In 436 some bishops of Armenia con-
sulted him about some propositions attributed to
Theodore of Mopsuestia which were being put for-
ward by the Nestorians. Proclus replied in an epistle
(often called the "Tome of St. Proclus"), in which
he required the propositions to be condemned. Here
a difficulty arose. People were ready to condemn the
propositions but not the memory of Theodore. Pro-
clus met this difficulty by disclaiming any intention of
attributing the propositions to Theodore. Volusianus,
the uncle of Melania the Younger, was converted and
baptized by him. The writings of Proclus, consisting
chiefly of homilies and epistles, were first printed by
Ricardus (Rome, 1630), reprinted in Gallandi, IX;
also in P. G., LXV, 651. For Proclus and the
Trisagion, see Trisagion.
TlLLEMONT, H. E., 704 sq.; Ceillier, Hist, des Auteurs Sac, XIII, 472 sq.; Bdtler, Lives of the Saints, October 24.
F. J. Bacchus.
Proclus, Montanist. See Montanists.
Proclus, Neo-Platonist. See Neo-Platonism.
Proconnesus (Prceconnesus), titular see in Hellesjiont. Proconnesus was the name of an island situated in the eastern part of the Propontis, between Priapus (now Kara Bogha) and Cyzicus. It was also the name of the capital of this island colonized by Milesians or Samians and the country of the poet Aristeas. In 493 b. c. it was burned by a Phoenician fleet in the service of Darius. In 410 the Athenian vessels commanded by Alcibiades subjected it, like Cyzicus, to the domination of Athens. Later it was conquered by Cyzicus. Coins of the Roman epoch can still be seen. Proconnesus was reno%vned for its quarry of white marble, used in constructing the ad- joining towns, particularly that of Cyzicus, and the tomb of Mausoleus at Halicarnassus, later of Con- stantinople. The latter still uses the quarry. It has given to the island its modern name of Marmora, which was given also to the Propontis. The ancient capital seems to be the present village of Palatia. The island forms to-day a nahie of the vilayet of Brousse. The island contains about seventy-seven square miles and 90(X) inhabitants, nearly all Greek. During the Byzantine epoch exiles were frequently sent there, among whom may be mentioned the monk Stephen the Yoimg, and the patriarch, Saint Nicephorus; Saint Gregory the Decapolite, Saint Nicholas the Studite, and Saint Ignatius the patriarch also so- journed there. In 1.399 a battle took place between the Turks and Venetians. The island and the neigh- bouring isles form a suffragan see for the schismatic Greeks. In the Middle Ages it was an autocephalous archdiocese, originally dependent on Cyzicus. Le Quien (Oriens christ., I, 783) names six of its bishops; the first known, John, assisted at the Council of
