SCHOLZ
553
SCHONGAUER
escape him. At the time of his premature death
(1897) the greater part of the primary triangulation
had been finished.
Unequalled as a teacher he commanded the highest admiration by the masterly way in which he exposed and discussed the most intricate problems, and many sci- entists of recognized authority were known to take their places on the benches among his pupils. His treatises and calculations recommended themselves by an ex- treme .simplicity, at the same time being classic for their completeness and elegance. In his social inter- course he was amiable and engaging, and in return was universally esteemed and honoured. His energy was remarkable, and the unflinching resolution with which he executed a task, which failing health continually menaced with frustration, cannot be contemplated without admiration. Naturally of a reserved disposi- tion, his habits were simple and his manners unas- suming, nor was he ever known to show the slightest vanity or self-esteem on account of the numerous dis- tinctions which were showered upon him; love of truth was his only passion. Three things he always cherished and treasured in the midst of his restless ac- tivity: the love of his country, his family, and his re- ligion. He died of consumption at the age of 48.
The article has been composed by the writer from personal reminiscences and from the following articles: van de Sande BaKHUYZEN, In Memorinm, Charles Mathieu Schols. Verslagen Kon. Akad. (27 March, 1897); Wildeboer, Ter nagedachtenis van Dr. Ch. M. Schols in Tijdschrift voor Kad. en Landmeetkunde,
XIII, ii. J. Stein.
Scholz, John Martin Augustine, an erudite German Orientalist and exegete, b. at Kapsdorf, near Breslau, 8 Feb., 1794; d. at Bonn, 20 Oct., 1852. He studied in the Catholic gyinnn.sium and the University of Breslau. In 1817 he took the de- gree of Doctor of Theology at the University of Freiburg, and then went to Paris, where he studied Persian and Arabic under Silvestre de Sacy, and collated numerous codices (Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Syriac) of the New Testament. From Paris he went to London, and thence passing through France and Switzerland reached Italy, the principal libraries of which he visited in quest of Biblical in- formation. In the autumn of 1821, upon his return from a journey through Egypt, Palestine, and Syria, and having been ordained at Breslau (Oct., 1821), Scholz became professor of exegesis at the University of Bonn, a chair to which he had been appointed in 1820, and which he filled until his death, despite the fact that he was not an interesting lecturer. As he did not share much in the discussions connected with Hermes's theories, he found time to publish several important works. The principal among these are: "Novum TestamentumGrsce" (2 vols., Leipzig, 1830, 1836), a critical edition of the original text, full of erudition but marred bj^ a defective classification of authorities and by numerous critical inaccuracies; "De virtutibus et vitiis utriusque Codd. N. T. familia;" (Leipzig, 1845), a sort of supplement to the pre- ceding work; "Einleitung in die Schriften des A. u. N. T." (Cologne and Leipzig, 1845-1848, 3 vols., treating only of the Old Test.) ; " Handbuch des bibl. Archaologie" (Bonn, 1834). To these works may be added Scholz's own account of his travels: "Reise in die Gegend. etc." (Leipzig, 1822); "Biblisch-kritische Rei.se, etc. (Leipzig, 1823); his essays on the Holy Sepulchre (Bonn, 1825); on Jerusalem (Bonn, 1835); "Curae criticse", containing a valuable description of Cod. K "Cyprius" (Heidelberg, 1820); "De fontibus historic V. Test." (Bonn, 1830); and his discourse on the harmony of Divine revelation with science (Bonn, 1845). Scholz was also a contributor to the learned periodicals published at Bonn.
ScRtVENER-MiLLER, A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the N. T. (London, 1894); Hurter, Nomenclator Literarius, III (Innsbruck, 1895).
Francis E. Gigot.
Schonborn, the name of a German noble family,
many members of which were prelatc^s of the Church.
(1) JoHANN Philipp VON ScHONHORN, Archbi.shop of Mainz and Bishop of Wiirzburg and Worms, b. at Eschbach in the Westerwald, 6 August, 1605; d. at Wiirzburg, 12 February, 1673. When sixteen years old he became a cleric (an expectant for a canoni- cate) at the cathedral of Wiirzburg, and in 1625 at that of Mainz. He became cathedral canon at Wiirzburg in 1629, and at Worms in 1630. In 1635 he was made provost of Kronbcrg and of St. Burkard at Wiirzburg. On 16 August, 1642, he be- came Bishop of Wiirzburg (deacon, 1642; priest, 1645); on 18 November, 1647, he was made Arch- bishop of Mainz, and in 1663 Bishop of Worms. His foreign policy was mainly directed towards the maintenance of peace, but this policy did not always meet with approval and often failed in its object. On the other hand his administration of all domestic affairs was excellent, and as a ruler he was not below the best of his era. His contemporaries gave him the honourable titles of "The Wise", " The German Solo- mon", and "The Cato of Germany". He succeeded in repairing the injuries inflicted upon his domains by the Thirty Years' War, settled the disputes as to territory with the neighbouring rulers, reorganized the higher civil service, and improved the administration of justice. To compensate for the scarcity of priests and to raise the standard of the secular clergy, he called to Mainz and Wiirzburg the Bartholomites, an institute founded by Bartlioloinew Holzhau.ser {Iiislitutum clericorum sftculariiiin in communi vwen- tium); in 1654 he transferred to them the adminis- tration of the ecclesiastical seminary at Wiirzburg, and in 1660 also that of the gymnasium founded by him at Miinnerstadt. In 1662 he established a sem- inary for priests at Mainz. Urged by the Jesuit Spec, he suppressed the trial of witches in his domains, and thus contributed, as far as was in his power, to the abolition of this miserable delusion. He was sur- rounded at his court by a large number of distin- guished men, statesmen, diplomats, scholars, and pious ecclesiastics. (2) Lothar Franz von Schonborn, nephew of the above, was Archbishop of Mainz (1695- 1729) and Bishop of Bamberg (169.3—); (3) Damian Hugo Philipp von Schonborn was Prince Bishop of Speyer (1719-43) and of Constance (1740), and was also a cardinal. He did much for the Diocese of Speyer, and was conspicuous for his culture, learning, and piety; (4) Franz Georg von Schonborn was Archbishop of Trier (1729-56) and Bishof) of Worms ( 1 732 — ) . Both Frederick the Great and Maria Ther- esa praised him as an excellent ruler. (5) Johann Philipp Franz von Schonborn was Bishop of Wiirz- burg (1719-24). (6) Friedrich Karl von Schon- born was Bishopof Bamberg and Wiirzburg (1729-46). The last three ])relates were brothers, and nephews of Lothar Franz. (7) Franz von Schonborn, b. at Prague, 24 Jan., 1844; d. 25 June, 1899. He became Bishop of Prague in 1885, and was created cardinal in 1889.
Wild, Johann Philipp von Schonborn (Heidelberg, 1896); Mentz, Johann Philipp von Schonborn, I-II (Jena, 1896-99) ; HoPF, Histor.-geneal. Atlas, I (Gotha, 1858), 133.
Klemens Loffler.
Schongauer, Martin (also known as Schon), German painter and engraver, b. at Colmar between 1445 and 14.50; d. probably in 1491, it is believed at Breisach. He was the son of Caspar Schongauer, a goldsmith, who had come from Bavaria, and settled in Colmar about 1445, and who is known to have lived until about 1481. He had four brothers, Lud- wig, a painter, Caspar, Georg, and Paul, goldsmiths. By some authors, Martin is said to have been the youngest son, by others, the eldest of the family. He matriculated at the University of Leipzig in 1465, purchased a house in 1477, and founded a Mass for his parents and himself in 1488. These are almost
