VOLUNTARISM
505
VOLUNTARISM
cathedral, ronsocratcd by Callistus II in 1120, was
enlarged by Andrea Pisano in 1254, and again in 1576.
The high altar is adorned with sculpture by Mino da
Fiesole; among the pictures is an "Annunciation"
bj' Luca Signorelli, and there are pictures by Ben-
venuto di Giovanni, Leonardo da Pistoia, and others.
In the baptistery (1283) are a font by Sansovino and
a ciborium by Mino da Fiesole. Other churches are
those of S. Lino (1480) and S. Francesco. In the
Palazzo Pubhco (1217) are the archives of the city.
The Palazzo Tagani contains an important museum
of Etruscan and Roman antiquities. In the middle
of the city rises the citadel, built in 1343 by the Duke
of Athens and enlarged by the Florentines. Remains
of the ancient surrounding walls (the Porta dell'
Arco) may be seen in the neighbourhood, as also of
baths, of an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, and, above
all, of several Etruscan burial-places. The district
is rich in alabaster, the working of which is the chief
industry of the city, and in mineral waters, such as
those of S. Felice and the Moic, or salt springs. Still
more important are the Soffioni of Larderello, from
which is obtained boric acid (cvported for the most
part to England), the sulphur lake of Monterotondo,
the copper springs of Caporciano, and the baths of
Montecatini.
In the Etruscan epoch Volterra, called Felathri by the Etruscans and Volaterra; by the Romans, was one of the most important cities in the Etruscan Confederation. From the period of the kings it was at war with Rome. In 298 b. c, when he became consul, Scipio gained a victory here over the Etruscan armies. In the Punic Wars, however, the city was allied with Rome. In 80 b. c. it was taken by Sulla, after a siege of two years. In the succeeding cen- turies it was of some importance in the Gothic War. In the Carlovingian period it belonged to the Marquisate of Tuscany; with the approval of Henry, son of Barbarossa, the government of it afterwards passed into the hands of the bishop, until his temporal authority was superseded by the commune. In the wars or factions of the thirteenth century, Volterra, being Ghibelhne, wa-s continually embroiled with the Florentines, who captured it in 1254, but obtained definitive possession of it only in 1361. In 1472 it
The rATHEDnAi,. Voi-tebba
Facade attribuU'd to Niccolo Pisano
attempted a rebellion against Florence but without success, and wa-s then deprived of many of its rights. It was the native city of the poet Persius Flaccus, of the humani.sts Tomma-so Inghirami and R.ifFaele MafTei, of the painters and sculptors Balda-ssare Perugini and Daniele Riceiarelli. According to the "Liber Pontificalis", Volterra %vas the birlhiilace of St. Linus, the immediate successor of St. Peter.
^isTERY, Volterra
Ctnturj-, Restored 1283
Nothing is known as to its Christian origins; Eucha-
ristus, the first bishop of Volterra of whom there is
any record (495), was deposed by the pope, and Hel-
pidius (496) was put in his place. Justus (560) was
at first involved in the Schism of the Three Chapters.
Other bishops
were : Gunf ridua
(1014), whose
metrical epitaph is
to be seen in the
cathedral; Heri-
mannus (1066), a
Camaldolese
monk and reformer
of the clergy; Gal-
gano, killed by the
people in 1172, for
some unknown
reason ; St . Ugo
dei Conti del Cas-
tel d'Agnato
(1173-84), a de-
fender of the right s
of his church, and
founder of a cf)l-
lege for the educa-
tion of clerics;
Pagano dell' Ar-
denghesca (1213), who vainly endeavoured to re-
tain the temporal government of the city. The
conflict on this score was continued under Pagano's
successors, particularly under Raineri Belforti
(1301). Roberto degU Adimari was deposed for
taking part in the Council of Basle. Joseph du
Mesnil (1748) died a prisoner in Castel Sant' Angelo.
Giuseppe Incontri (1806) distinguished himself by his
beneficence. Pius IX made his first studies in the
Piarist College at Volterra.
Volterra was immediately subject to the Holy See until 1856, when it became a sufi'ragan of Pisa. The diocese contains 111 parishes with 99,900 souls; 206 priests, secular and regular; 6 houses of male religious and 12 of Sisters; one school for boys, and 2 colleges for girls.
Cappelletti, Le chiese d'ltaluit XVIII; Riccobaldi del Bavia, Dissertazione xstorico-elruscie sopra I'origine , . , tiella Etrusca nazione e . . . delta ciUA di Volterra (Florence, 1758); Maffei, ed. CiNci, Animli di Volterra (Volterra, 1887); Amidgi, .S(or»o VoUerrana (Volterra, 1864-65); Leoncini. Illustrazione delta cattedrale di Volterra (Siena, 1869); Schneider, Regcatum Volterranum (Rome, 1907).
U. Benigni.
Voluntarism (Lat. voluntas, will) in the modern metaphysical sense is a theory which exi)lains the universe as emanating ultimately from some form of will. In a broader psychological .sense the term is a|)plied to any theory which gives prominence to will (in opposition to intellect). In this latter sen.se, but not in the former, the philosophy of Augustine, An- selm, William of Occam, and Scot us may be styled Vohmtarism. Philosophy is defined by Augustine as "Amor sapienti;e" ("De ordine", I, 11, n. 32; P. L., XXXII, 993; "De civitate Dei", VIII, ii; P. L., XLI, 2251. It is wisdom, but it must be .sought pie, mate, ettlUiqcntcT ("De quant, an.", XIV; P. L., XXXII, 1049); with the whole soul, not with the intellect only. Yet nowhere does Augustine subordinate intellect to will. The neo-Platonism which underHes the whole of his philo.sophic specula- tion makes such an attitude impossible. Augus- tine's doctrine of grace and of providence supposes a definite and characteristic psychology of will. But in the metaphysic;il order God is ever conceived as essentially intelligrnce. He is the "Father of Truth". On this is based a proof of God's existence, which occurs several times in his works and is pecu- liarlv Augustinian in tone ("De div.", <}. Ixxxiii, 14; P. L., XL, 38; "De lib. arb.", II, nn. 7-33;
