MALLING ABBEY
60
MARTIN
time, of spontaneousness, initiative, and intrepidity.
He saw to the military training of his followers and
was the first to conceive the utility of flying camps to
keep the Indians at a distance. In imitation of the
ancient mihtary orders, he founded a corps called the
"Militia of the Holy Family", which maintained for
many years the security of Montreal. He likewise
favoured agriculture, commerce, and education, and
was like a father to the colony, attending equally to
its spiritual and temporal wants. When, in 1663,
the Company of Montreal ceased to exist through the
assumption of Canada by Louis XIV, Maisonneuve's
public career was drawing to its close. His departure
coincided with the arrival of Viceroy de Tracy and his
regular troops (1665). He left Ville-Marie founded,
well-fortified, municipally constituted, and civiUy
organized. He not only returned empty-handed
but donated to the pious foundation all rents and dues
accruing to him. Heedless of renown, he left no
memoirs. He ended lus days in retirement, never
forgetting his colony nor ceasing to pray for its wel-
fare.
Gabneao, Hist, du Canada (Montreal, 1882); Ferland, Hist, du CaTiada (Quebec, 1882) ; Rousseau, Vie de M. Paul de Chomedey (Montreal, 1886); SouvenxT de Maisonneuve (Montreal, 189fi); Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America, II: Among the Hurons (New York, 1910).
Lionel Lindsay. Mailing Abbey, an abbey of Benedictine nuns, a,t West Mailing in the County of Kent, England. The earliest mention of the nunnery occurs in Doomsday book (1080). The church land of Mailing having fallen to the share of Bishop Odo of Bayeux at the time of the Norman Conquest, Lanfranc, then Archbishop of Canterbury, succeeded in making him restore them to him in 1076. In the next year Gundulf was appointed Bishop of Rochester; it was he who built the Abbey of Mailing. The date of Gundulf'g foundation is doubtful; it is given as early as 1078 and as late as 1106. In recognition of its subjection to the See of Rochester the abbey paid the annual tithe of ten pounds of wax and one boar. In the year 1190 a fire broke out which destroyed both the abbey and village, but they were very soon rebuilt. At the dissolution the abbess. Dame Vernon, and her community of eleven nuns, signed the surrender and the abbey with its land fell into the hands of Cranmer. Little of the original building is now standing; the tower is Norman up to the first two stories and Early English above. Attached to the tower are some remnants of the church, one of the transepts and a wall of the nave; the refectory is also standing. The cloisters were re-erected in the fourteenth century. Since the dissolution in 1538 it had been in the hands of private owners until 1893 when it was bought for an Anglican community founded by "Father Ignatius" of Llantony.
Dugdale, Monaslicon, III (1846), 381; Downside Review, XVII, 222.
Paul Brookfield.
Marignolli, Giovanni de', b. at Florence about 1290; place and date of death unknown. When quite a youth he received the Franciscan habit at the con- vent of Santa Croce, Florence; later on, as he himself tells us, he held the chair of theology at the Univer- si(y of Bologna. Nothing more is known of his re- ligious life until Benedict XII sent him with other Franciscans on a mission to the Emperor of China, as a result of the Chinese embassy which arrived at Avignon in 1338. Marignolli became one of the greatest tnivellers in Asia, and ha-s left an account of liis itinerary much sliidicd lo-day bv geographers of the extreme K:ist. In Dec, 133S', he' left .Vvignoii, ;ir- riving at Naples, oti 10 Feb., 1339, and on 1 May reached the Court of Andronicus III at Constanti- nopli^ where he tre;itcd in vain with the clergy concerning the reunion with Rome. I'^rom there he passed to the Crimea and thence to Sanii, carrying
papal letters to Usbek, Khan of Kiptchak, who sent
an escort with him as far as Armalec, where he arrived
in the winter of 1340. Towards the end of 1341 he
left Armalec and crossed the desert of Gobi to Peking,
where he was received with great honours at the
Chinese Court. After three years at Peking he
travelled through the greater part of southern China as
far as Columbum (Quilon) and Cape Comorin. He
visited Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, and other islands of
the Indian Ocean, and then returned to the Coro-
mandel Coast. There he embarked for Malabar, and
thence took the route to Europe by the Persian Gulf,
Ormuz, Gezd, Ispahan, and then by Mesopotamia,
Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, Egypt, arriving at Naples
in 1353. From there he went to Florence and arrived
at Avignon after fifteen years' absence. In March,
1354, the pope named him Bishop of Bisignano; and in
1356 Florence sent him as papal legate to Avignon.
In 1357 Emperor Charles IV called him to be his
councillor with the office also of court historian.
Some years afterwards he compiled his "Chronicon
Bohemiie", in which he described his eastern travels.
The work was edited by Dobner in "Monumenta
historica Bohemian" (Prague, 1768).
Melnert, Johanjies von Marignola minder Bruders und papst- lichen Lcgalen, Reise in das Morgenland, tr. from Latin, in Abhandt. der kUnigl. bdhm. Gesellschaft der Wissenscfiaft , VII (Prague, 1820) ; Kunstmann in Histor.-polit. Blatter, XXXVIII, 701-19, 793-813; Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither, II (London, 1866), 309-94; DE (^ubernatis in Storia dei viaggiatori italiani nelle Gudie Orientati (Leghorn, 1875), 142-60; da Civezza. Saggio di bibliografia San Francescana (Prato, 1879), 372-83. Cf. also Ferussac in Bulletin de la soc. de geographie, II (1824), 115-20; Palacky in Wtirdigung der alien bohm. Geschichtschreiber (Prague, 1830), 164-72; Amat da S. Filippo, Sludi bibl. e biogr., etc. (Rome, 1871), 103-9: Fottbast, Bibliotheca hist, medii mi, 1,767; RoHRicHT, Bibliotheca geographies Palestince (Berlin, 1890), n. 207.
Girolamo Golubovich.
Mark, Gospel of Saint. See Luke, Gospel of St. (supra, p. 56) , for decision of Biblical Commission, 26 Jan., 1913.
Marriage, Mixed. — Since the article on this sub- ject was written, the following decisions have been issued by the Congi'egation of the Holy Office, 21 June, 1913. The dispensation from the impediment of disparity is never to be granted except with all the exphcit guarantees or safeguards. If granted, it is not valid, and the ordinary can declare the nullity in such cases, without recourse to the Holy See for a definitive sentence. The prescription of the Decree "Ne Temere" on the asking and receiving by the parish-priest, for the vaUdity of marriage, of the con- sent of the parties, in mixed marriages in which due guarantees are obstinately refused by them, hence- forth does not apply, but strict observance is to be paid to preceding concessions and instructions of the Holy See on the subject, especially of Pope Gregory XVi, Apo.stolical Letter, 30 April, 1841, to the Bishops of Hungary.
Martin, Enrico, date and place of birth unknown; d. in Mexico in 1632. According to some he was of Spanish descent; Humboldt says that he was either a German or Dutchman, and according to others a Mexican educated in Spain, but in all probabihty he was a Frenchman, Henri Martin hispanicized under the form of Enrico Martin or M;irtinez. He was cosmographer to the king, inteipreter for the In- quisition, publisher, and distinguished in his career as ;in hy<lraulic engineer. In 1607 the Viceroy D. Luis (le \'el;isco entrusted to him the difficult task of driiiiiiiig I lie valley surrounding the City of Mexico. The valley formed ;i cUised liasin, and wjien the rains were hivivy I lie l.:ikes nf Zunip;irigo and San Cristobal nisi' higher tlum tluit of Te.\coco and overflowed into tlie liasiii, inunihiting the city and threatening it with dist ruction. Martin's plan wjis to open a canal jis out let to tiie Lake of Zunipango to prevent its over- llow. The work began on 28 Nov., 1607, and was
