AUDIANS
69
AUDIFFREDI
to have more devotion towards one sacred image
than towards anotlier. Civil rulers have the right
of making impediments diriment of matrimony and
of dispensing from them. Bishops are not bound to
make an oath of obedience to the pope before their
consecration. All religious orders should live under
the same rule and wear the same habit. Each church
should have only one altar; the liturgy should be
in the vernacular, and only one Mass should be cel-
ebrated on Sundays. Leopold caused a national
synod to be held at Florence in 1787, but he did not
fintl the other bishops as pliant as Scipio de' Ricci.
Nevertheless he continued assuming all ecclesia-stical
authority, prohiljited all appeals to the pope, and
even appointed bishops, to whom the pope of course
refused canonical institution. Finally, the Bull " Auc-
torem Fidei" was ])ublished, in which eighty-five arti-
cles taken from the Synod of Pistoia were catalogued
and condemned. After the jjublication of the Bull,
Scipio de' Ricci submitted. In ISOo he took occa-
sion of the presence of Pius VII in Florence, on liis
way to Rome from liis exile in France, to ask in
person for pardon and reconciliation. He died re-
pentant, 1810, in the Dominican convent of San
Marco at Florence.
Den'zinger-Stahl, Enchiridion Syinbolorum et Deiinit. (9th ed., FVeiburg, 1899), 310-38; Potter, Vie et Menwirea de Scipion de' Ricci (Paris, 1826, favourable to Ricci); Scaderto, Stato e Chiesa sotlo Leopoldo I (Florence, 1855); Reumont, Geschichle von Toscana, II, 157 sqq.: Gelli, Memorie di Scipione de' Ricci (Florence, 1865): Picot, Memoirea pour servir ii I'hiat eccl. du XVIII': siicle (Paris, 1855). V, 251-62, 272-81; VI, 407-15.
M. 0'RlORD,\N.
Audians. See Anthkopomokphlsm.
Audiences, Pontific.\l, the receptions given by the pope to cardinals, sovereigns, princes, ambassa- dors, and other persons, ecclesiastical or lay, having business with or interest in the Holy See. Such audiences form an important part of the pope's daily duties. Bishops of every rite in communion with the Holy See, and from e\ery nation, come to Rome, not only to venerate the tombs of the Apos- tles, but also to consult the supreme pastor of the Church. The master of the chamber {Mac.siro di Camera), whose office corresponds to that of grand chamberlain in royal courts, is the personage to whom all requests for an audience with the pope are made, even those which the ambassadors and other mem- bers of the Diplomatic Corps present through the cardinal secretary of state. He is one of the four Palatine Prelates who are in frequent relations with the pope, and his office is regarded as leading to the cardinalate. The pope receives every day the cardinal prefect of one or other of the sacred congregations. At these audiences decrees are signed or counsel given by the pope, and hence, by their very nature, they are of no slight importance to the practical work of the Church. Prelates con- nected with other institutions either in Rome or abroad, generals and procurators of religious orders, are also received at regular intervals and on stated days. The days and hours of regular audiences are specified on a printed form which is distributed to all cardinals and persons whose duty and privilege it is to have such audience. This printed form is changed every six month.s, as the hours of audience vary according to the season. Audiences to sovereigns or princes travelling under their own names and titles are invested with special ceremonies. When the po])e was a temporal ruler the master of the cham- ber, notified beforehand by the .secretarj^ of state of the proximate arrival in Rome of a sovereign, went, accompanied by the secretary of ceremonial, several miles beyond the city gates to meet him. Returning to Rome, he notified the pope of the event, and visited the sovereign to acquaint him with the day and hour of the pontifical audience. Sovereigns
of the highest rank, being considered as equal to the
pope, sit near liim during audience, under the same
baldacliin or canopy. The attendance of guards and
chamberlains and court officials is always doubled
when such audiences are given. In the ordinary
audiences given to priests and lay persons the general
practice is that they pre.sent a letter of recommenda-
tion from the bishop of their diocese, which is [pre-
sented to the rector of the national college in Rome
of the country from which they come. The rector
procures from the master of the chamber the nec-
essary card of admission. Amongst the instructions
printed on this card are those regulating the dress to
be worn on such occasion: for priests the cassock
with a large black mantle (/errajo/onc), such as Roman
secular priests wear; for lay men, evening dress with
white cravat; for ladies, a black dress with black
lace veil on the head. On these occasions it is for-
bidden to present to the pope for his signature
written requests for indulgences, faculties, privileges,
or the like. Since the election of Pope Pius X there
has been some concession in the matter of dress for
the laity in public audience; apparently, in order that
every "man of good-will", non-Catholic as well as
Catholic, who desires to see the pope may have his
wish fulfilled. This has increased the number of
persons received in audience, but it has lessened
occasions for the pope's utterances on various aspects
of the tendencies of the time, which distinguished
the audiences of Leo XIII and of the latter years
of Pius IX, and which were statements that awakened
profound interest.
Humphrey, Vrbs et Orbis, or the Pope as Bishop and Pontiff (London, 1899); L'Eglise catholique h la fin du. XIX' sii-cle (Paris, 1900).
P. L. CONNELL.^X.
Audiflredi, Giov.vnni B.\ttista, b. at Saorgio, near Nice, in 1734; d. at Rome, July, 1794. He entered the Dominican Order, and soon attracted attention by his taste for books and his talent for the exact sciences. After being occupied in various houses as professor and bibliographer, he was at length transferred to the Dominican house of studies (S. Maria sopra Minerva), and was placed in charge (176,5) of the great Bibliotheca Casanatensis , foimded in 1700 by Cardinal Girolamo C'asanata. Audiffredi published a bibliographical work in four folio volumes entitled "Catalogus bibliothecaj Casanatensis lib- rorum typis impressonim, 1761-1788 ". The work remains unfinished, not proceeding beyond the letter L, and contains a list of his own publications. Similar works were the "Catalogus historico-critieus Romanarum editionum sseculi XV" (Rome, 178.5, quarto), and the more extensively planned "Cata- logus historico-critieus editionum Italicarum Sicculi XV" (ibid., 1794,), which was to give an account of books printed in twenty-six Italian cities. Au- diffredi did not live to complete the work. The first part, extending to the letter G, contains a short biography of the author introduced by the publisher. Audiffredi's position enabled him to become an expert antiquarian, and he found time to cultivate his mathematical talent and to devote himself to astronomy. He built a small obser\atorv, and at intervals busied himself with observation. The eigliteenth century was much occupied with the problem of solar parallax. In 1761 and 1769 transits of Venus were observed, and Audiffredi contributed to the work in his publication, "Pha;nomena coelestia observata — investigatio parallaxis solis. E.xercitatio Dadei Ruffi" (anagram for Audiffredi). "The pre- dicted reappearance in the middle of the century of Halley's comet intensified .scientific interest in cometic orbits. The epoch was favoured with a number of brilliant objects of this kind, and that of 1769 distinguished itself by its great nucleus and by the tail which stretched over more than half
