CARDAN
332
CARDENAS
Clement IV (1265-126S); Bernard de Farges (1311-
41), who founded the Narbonne College at Paris;
Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, Prime Minister to Louis
XII and Archbishop of Xarbonne from 14S2 to 1485
and from 1492 to 1493; Cardinal Briconnet (1507-14),
chief instigator of the expedition of Charles VIII into
Italy, and famous for his opposition to Julius II in the
Council of Pisa; Giulio de' Medici (1515-23). who be-
came pope under the title of Clement VII (1524-34),
and Cardinal de Joyeuse (1582-84). In medieval
times the Archbishopric of Narbonne was of great
importance. For four centuries its jurisdiction ex-
tended over a part of Northern Spain, and in the
eleventh century it had as suffragans the Dioceses
of Toulouse, Beziers, Lodeve, Uzes, Agde, Mague-
lonne, Carcassonne, Elne, Gerona, Barcelona, Vich,
and Urgel. Important councils were held at Nar-
bonne in 589 ami in the thirteenth century, and its
bishops presided legally over the meetings of the
Estates of Languedoc. (3) The Diocese of Saint-
Papovl. A Benedictine abbey founded in 760 by
Pepin the Short, and named after the holy priest
Papoul, martyred near Toulouse in the third century,
was created an episcopal see by John XXII in 1317.
(4) The Diocese of Alet. A Benedictine abbey founded at Alet in S13 was made an episcopal see by John XXII in 1317. Nicolas Pavilion, a Jansen- ist, known for his resistance to the commands of the Holy See, was Bishop of Alet from 1637 to 1677.
(5) The Diocese of Mirepoix. See Pamiers.
The history of all this region is intimately con- nected with that of the Albigenses. The monastery of Prouille, where St. Dominic established a religious institute for converted Albigensian women in 1206, is still a place of pilgrimage consecrated to the Blessed Virgin. St. Peter of Castelnau, the Cister- cian inquisitor martyred by the Albigenses in 1208, St. Camelia, put to death by the same sectarians, and St. John Francis Regis (1597-1640), the Jesuit, born at Fontcouverte in the Diocese of Narbonne, are specially venerated in the Diocese of Carcassonne. Notre-Dame de Canabes and Notre- Dame de Limoux, both of which date back to the ninth century, are still frequented by pilgrims. The church of Saints- Nazaire-et-Celse at Carcassonne was rebuilt toward the end of the eleventh century, the first work upon it being blessed by Pope Urban II, who came to Carcas- sonne to urge the Vicomte Bernard de Trincavel to join the Crusade. The naves of this church are Roman, and the transept and choir Gothic.
Previously to the enforcement of the Law of 1901, there were in the Diocese of Carcassonne Capuchins, Cistercians, Dominicans, Lazarists, Carmelites, and Children of Mary Immaculate. Two important local orders of women care for the sick, and teach: the Sisters of the Holy Family (mother-house at Pezenas) and the Sisters of the Holy -Name of Joseph (mother- house at Lusignan). In 1900 the diocese had the following religious institutions: 7 foundling asylums, 22 infant schools, 2 orphanages for boys, 6 for girls,
1 house of shelter, 9 hospitals and homes for the aged,
2 houses of retnat. s dispensaries, 1 insane asylum, and 69 houses of hospital sisters. At the close of 1905 (the end of the period covered by the Concordat) statistics showed a population of 313,531, with 37 pastorates, 378 succursal parishes (mission churches), and 40 curacies formerly supported by the State.
Gallic Christiana (ed. nova, 1739), VI. 1-136, 269-88, 860- 935: // i .-'. 101-26. 111-7.5; (ed. nova, 1785),
XIII. _".)'< III i . t',, ; 1 M , ill SM! /- ■/ :
paux. I.-'vi t, :;n, ;os ; Vir-VjussETrB, Histoire de Languedoc (Toulouse, 1875). Vj Chob-Matrevieii.i.k, Histoire du Comte et de lu Vicomi tine (2 vols., P;iri«. lsic, 1896);
Henm i B i ')ii. it eXanges concernant Vevichi de Saint-
Papoul, pages < rlrniti ■< > I trad rrit du quinzicme
lieeU (Kms, 1863); Guiratjd, Cartuiaire de Pruuilte (Paris, 1907); Chevalier, Topu-lnbl. B. v. Alet, Carcassonne, Narbonne, Saint-Papoul.
Georges Goyau.
Cardan (Cardano, Cardanus), Girolamo, Italian
physician and mathematician, b. at Pavia, 24 Sep-
tember, 1501; d. at Rome, 21 September, 1576. He
was educated at the Universities of Pavia and Padua,
receiving at the latter the degree of Doctor of Medi-
cine. He lectured on medicine at Milan in 1543 and
at Pavia in 1544. In 1562 he was appointed pro-
fessor at Bologna through the mediation of St. Charles
Borromeo, and in 1571 he went to Rome where he
received a pension from the pope and resumed the
practice of his profession.
Cardan was an eccentric character. Perhaps it was on account of his leaning towards astrology and superstition that he was unjustly charged with athe- ism. His philosophical views were characteristic of the time in which he lived. He recognizes but three of the Aristotelean elements, viz. air, water, and earth, while warmth and moisture, according to him, are the energizing principles which give all things life. In man he distinguishes between the mens, or spirit, and the soul which is the seat of the sensitive facilities in- cluding the ratio. The latter belongs to the body and perishes with it, while the former is immaterial and immortal and partakes of the Divine. Moreover, one and the same spirit dwells in all men. This spirit is destined to be elevated in ecstasy to the contempla- tion of the Divine Essence. Cardan also characterizes this ecstasy as the state of faith in which all the lower faculties, including the ratio, become quiescent, so that, according to him, faith and reason would seem to be incompatible. His whole system occupies a position of little importance in the history of philos- ophy, and led logically to magic and astrology, in which he became an adept. Cardan's fame rests on his work in mathematics, and especially in algebra. In 1545 he published his "Ars Magna", a treatise on algebra which contains the solution of the cubic equation, since named after him. This involved him in a lengthy dispute with Tartaglia. Cardan, it ap- pears, had obtained the solution from Tartaglia, its original discoverer, under promise of the strictest secrecy. He however extended and developed it, and after his pupil Ferrari had discovered the solu- tion of the biquadratic equation by means of the cubic, he felt justified in publishing it. In the pref- ace of his work he acknowledges his obligations to Tartaglia and Ferrari. Cardan was also author of: "De Subtilitate libri XXI" (Nuremberg, 1550); "De Rerum Varietate libri XVII" (1557); "Opus novum de proportionibus numerorum, motuum, ponderum sonorum" (1570). Cardan's "Opera Omnia" in 10 vols, appeared in Lvons in 1663.
H. Morley, Jerome Cardano (London. 1S54>; Monograph bv Bittrini (Savona, 18841; Waters, Jerome Cardan* i Lon- don, 18981; Marie, Hist, des sciences math, et phys. (1888). II; Cajori. Hist, of Math. (New York, 1894); Comston, .Voles on Life and Writings of G . Cardano in Med. and Surgical Journal (Boston), CXLVI, no. 4. p. 77; Stockl, Gesch. d. Phil. d. Miltelalters. Ill; Idem in Kirchcnlex., II, 1943 sqq.
H. M. Brock.
Cardenas, Juan, moral theologian and author: b. at Seville. 1613; d. 6 June, 1684. He entered the Society of Jesus at the age of fourteen and during many years held in it the offices of rector, master of novices, and provincial. Through his busy life he ever found time for intellectual work of a high order. He composed several small ascetical treatises: "Seven Meditations on Jesus Crucified" (originally published at Seville. 1678) and "Geminum sidus Mariani dia- dematis" (Lyons, 1673). From his pen we have also two pious biographies: "Historia de la Vida y Yir- tudes de la Venerable Virgen Damiana de las Llagas" (Seville. 1675) and "Breve relaeion de la Muerte, Vida, y Virtudes del Venerabile Cavallero D. Miguel Manara Vineentelo de l.eca" (Seville, 1679)
But he is chiefly remembered for his important contributions to moral theology, which won for him
