BEAR 456 BEABD divided into the garden bean and the field bean. Of the former, there are numerous sub-varieties. The earliest is the mazagan,, which is small seeded; while the largest is the Windsor. The field bean runs into two leading sub- varieties, a larger and a smaller one; the latter is called ticks. The horse bean is the variety equina. The word is also applied to any leguminous plant resembling a bean, though not of the genuine genus faba. Such, for example, as the Florida bean, which is the seed, not the fruit, of a West Indian plant. These seeds are washed up on the Florida shore, and are sometimes used as food;, and some- times they are polished and used as orna- ments. The navy bean is the common white bean, used largely as an article of diet by sailors. The pea bean is a small white bean used commonly as food. The tonquin bean is the fragrant seed of a leguminous tree. In commerce, the word is applied to the seeds of certain plants belonging to the natural order leguminosx. The com- mon field bean is the seed of the faha vulgaris, the broad, or Windsor bean, being a cultivated variety of the same plant. The French, or haricot bean, is the seed of phaseolus multiflorus, and the scarlet runner (which is closely akin to the former), is pJmseohis vulgaHs. Scarlet runners and French beans are used in the pod, in the green state, and eaten as a vegetable. Bean meal, which is more easily digested than whole beans, contains twice as much nitrogenous matter as wheat flour, and is more nutritious. BEAR, the English name of the various species of plantigrade mammals belonging to the ursus and some neighbor- ing genera. The term plantigrade, ap- plied to the bears; intimates that they walk on the soles of their feet; not, like the digitigrade animals, on their toes. Though having six incisor teeth in each jaw, like the rest of the carni- vora, yet the tubercular crowns of the molar teeth show that their food is partly vegetable. They grub up roots, and, when they can obtain it, greedily devour honey. They hibernate in winter. The best known species is ursus arctoa, the brown bear. They are wild in this country, on the continent of Europe, and in Asia. Other species are the Syrian bear (ursus syriacus, which is the bear of Scripture); the American black bear (ursus americanus); the grizzly bear of the same continent (ursus ferox); and the Polar bear (ursus or thalassarctos Tnaritimus) , and others. The earliest representative of the ursidse, or bear family, known at pres- ent, does not belong to the typical genus ursus. It is called amphicyon, and is of Miocene age. Of Post-pliocene bears, one, iirsus pris- ons, seems the same as ursus ferox (the grizzly bear) . Several bears, ursus spelseus, arctos, and others, have been found in caves, in England and elsewhere. Of these, ursus spelseus, from the Greek spelaios=:a grotto, cave, cavern, or pit, is the one called especially the cave bear. It is a giant species, occurring in the later rather than the earlier Post- pliocene beds. In Stock Exchange parlance, a bear is one who contracts to sell on a specified day certain stock not belonging to him, at the market price then prevailing, on receiving imaginary payment for them at the rate which obtains when the promise was made. It now becomes his interest that the stock on which he has speculated should fall in price. The purchaser, called a "bull," sees it to his advantage to make the stock rise. The origin of the term is uncertain. In astronomy, the word is applied to one or other of two constellations, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, called respec- tively the Great Bear and the Little Bear. When the word Bear stands alone, it signifies Ursa Major. BEARD, CHARLES AUSTIN, an American educator and historian, born at Knightstown, Ind., in 1874. He graduated from DePauw University in 1898 and took post-graduate studies at Oxford, Cornell, and Columbia universi- ties, becoming adjunct professor of pol- itics of Columbia University in 1907. He became successively assistant professor and professor in that subject. He re- signed in 1916 and became director of the Training School for Public Sei'vice in New York City. He was a member of many historical and economic socie- ties. His published writings include "In- troduction to the English Historians" (1906); "Development of Modem Eu- rope" (1907); "American Government and Politics" (1910); "American City Government" (1912); "Economic Ori- gins of Jeffersonian Democracy" (1915). BEARD, DANIEL CARTER, an American artist and writer, born in Cincinnati in 1850. He received an academic education and studied art in New York City from 1880 to 1884. He became well known as an illustrator of magazines and books. From 1893 to 1900 he was teacher of animal drawing at the Woman's School of Applied Design. He
