BOYD 141 BOYLE ting have been passed in Alabama, Con- necticut, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Mass- achusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missis- sippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and Wisconsin. In the following States it is unlawful for any employer to exact an agreement, either written or verbal, from an employee not to join or become a member of any labor organization, as a condition of emplojonent: California, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. BOYD, THOMAS DUCKETT, an American educator, born in Wytheville, Va., Jan. 20, 1854. He was graduated at Louisiana State University, and has held important posts in the educational in- stitutions of Louisiana. Since 1896 he has been President of Louisiana State University. BOY-ED, KARL, CAPTAIN, German naval attache of the German Embassy to the United States, prior to the Amer- ican declaration of war. His recall was requested of the German Government be- cause his presence in this country was objectionable. The German authorities asked why he was considered undesirable, but the American Government refused to give reasons. The facts were that Boy- Ed was known in some way to have re- ceived communications intended by the President for his naval advisers; that he was strongly suspected of having been connected with the issue of false mani- fests to sailing vessels intended to sup- ply German warships, and of fomenting troubles in munition plants. "An ac- cumulation of incidents" was the way the matter was put in diplomatic phrase. The German Government recalled him Dec. 15, 1915. BOYESEN, HJALMAR HJORTH (boi'e-sen), an American novelist, born at Frederiksvarn, Norway, Sept. 23, 1848. After completing his university studies at Christiania, he came to the United States in 1869 and was editor of a Norwegian journal in Chicago. He returned to Europe in 1872 and studied Germanic Philology at Leipsic two years ; then, returning to this country, he was Professor of German in Cornell Univer- sity, and then of Germanic Languages and Literature in Columbia College till his death. His story of Norwegian life, "Gunnar" (1873), and his "Idyls of Nor- way and Other Poems" (1883), show fine imagination. He also wrote "Tales from Two Hemispheres" (1875); "A Norseman's Pilgrimage," "Ilka on the ^ 10— Vol Hilltop, and Other Stories," "A Daugh- ter of the Philistines." He died in New York, Oct. 4, 1895. BOYLE, RICHARD, "THE GREAT Earl of Cork," an English statesman, born in Canterbury in 1566. In 1588 he went to Dublin, with strong recommen- dations to persons in power, whose pa- tronage he obtained. In 1595 he married a lady of fortune, whose death, a few years after, left him the possessor of a considerable income. The state of Ire- land at that time made land cheap and he bought Sir Walter Raleigh's estate of 12,000 acres in Cork and Waterford counties. King James I. appointed him Privy Councilor for Munster, and after- ward for the Kingdom of Ireland; in 1616 he was made a peer of that realm by the title Baron Boyle of Youghal, and in 1620 he was created Viscount Dungar- van and Earl of Cork, In 1629 he was made one of the Lord Justices of Ireland, and in 1631 Lord Treasurer of that king- dom. He built and fortified towns and castles, and introduced among the peo- ple arts and manufactures; but he also put in force the severe laws of Queen Elizabeth against the Roman Catholics. In 1641 the Earl went to England as a witness against Lord Strafford, then un- der impeachment. Soon after his return home the insurrection of the Irish broke out, on which event he displayed his ac- customed activity, enlisting his tenantry under the command of his sons. He died in 1643. BOYLE, ROBERT, a celebrated nat- ural philosopher, born at Lismore, Ire- land, in 1626; was the seventh son qf Richard, the first Earl of Cork. After finishing his studies at Eton he traveled for some years on the Continent, till, in 1644, he settled in the manor at Stal- bridge, Dorsetshire, which his father had left him. Here he devoted himself to scientific studies, to chemistry and nat- ural philosophy in particular. He was one of the first members of the society founded in 1645, afterward known as the Royal Society. At Oxford, to which he had gone in 1652, he occupied himself in making improvements on the air pump, by means of which he demon- strated the elasticity of air. He began the study of those Oriental languages which contain the origins of Christian- ity, and formed connections with such eminent scholars as Pococke, Clarke, Barlow, etc. He also instituted public lectures, known as the Boyle Lectures, for proving the Christian religion. The first series was delivered by Richard Bentley. He died in 1691, and was in- terred in Westminster Abbey. ..TI— Cyc
