CABDAMINE 347 CARDINAL now generally carded in mills by teeth fixed on a wbeel moved by machinery. The word is derived through the French carde, a teasel, from L. carduus, a thistle, teasels having been used for cards. CARDAMINE, an extensive genus of herbaceous cruciferous plants. Carda- mine pratensis, the Cuckoo-flower or Lady's-smock, is a common but pretty meadow-plant, with large pale lilac flow- ers. A _ double variety is sometimes found wild. C. hirsuta is a common weed everywhere, varying in size, ac- cording to soil, from 6 to 18 inches in height. The leaves and flowers of this species form an agreeable salad. This species produces young plants from the leaves, all that is necessary being to place them on a moist grassy or mossy surface. C. amara is also not infre- quent. CABDAMOMS, the aromatic capsules of different species of plants of the natu- ral order Zingiberacese (gingers), em- ployed in medicine as well as an ingredi- ent in sauces and curries. Those recog- nized in the United States Pharma- copceia, called true or official cardamoms and known in commerce as Malabar cardamoms, are the produce of Elettaria (Alpinia) Cardamdmurn, a native of the mountains of Malabar and Canara. CARDBOARD, pasteboard paper stiff- ened by several layers being joined to- gether. Bristol board is all white pa- per, and is made of two or more sheets, according to the thickness required. Other qualities are made by inclosing common thick paper between sheets of white or colored paper of the required quality. CARDENAS, a seaport of Cuba, on the N. coast, 75 miles E. of Havana, with which it is connected by rail. It has a good harbor, and exports sugar and tobacco. Pop. about 30,000. Dur- ing the blockade of the Cuban coast in the war between the United States and Spain a severe engagement took place here on May 11, 1898. CARDIA, the heart; also the upper orifice of the stomach, called, on account of its vicinity to the heart, by the same Greek name. Cardialgia is the name commonly applied to the particular vari- ety of pain called heartburn, arising from a disordered stomach, and accom- panied by acid eructations. CARDIFF ("the city on the Taff"), a municipal and parliamentary borough and se&port, the county town of Glamor- ganshire, Wales, situated at the mouth of the Taff on the estuary of the Severn. It is a rapidly growing town, and the prmcipal outlet for the mineral produce and manufactures of South Wales. Ship- building is carried on, and there are iron and other works on a large scale. Among the chief buildings are the county buildings, town-hall, infirmary, univer- sity college (for S. Wales and Mon- mouthshire), law courts, free library, museum, etc. The docks are extensive and well constructed. As regards ton- nage entered and cleared, Cardiff is now the third port in the United Kingdom; m respect of coal exported it is the first. There is here a castle which dates from 1080. It is the property of the Marquis of Bute, who has modernized it, and con- verted part of it into a residence. The development of Cardiff has been greatly furthered by those in charge of the Bute property, which embraces most of the town. Fop. about 185,000. CARDIFF GIANT, the name given to a rude statue IQVz feet high, dug up, in 1869, at Cardiff, N. Y., and exhibited for months as a petrification. The persons who thus deluded the public at last con- fessed that the "Giant" had been cut from a block of gypsum quarried at Fort Dodge, la., sculptured at Chicago, con- veyed to Cardiff, and there buried and "accidently discovered." CARDIGAN BAY, a semicircular bend at St. George's Channel, on the W. coast of Wales, 54 miles wide from N. to S., and 35 miles deep, with a sweep of coast of 130 miles. It has 3 to 30 fathoms water, with three reefs. A strong cur- rent sweeps round the bay from S. to N. Almost all the harbors on the coast are obstructed by bars. CARDINAL, a word first used of any cleric regularly settled (incardinatiis, "inhinged") in any Church, then from the 8th century of the clergy in the ca- thedral, the bishop being regarded as the ca7-do or "hinge" of the diocese. Next, the forged decretals speak of the Pope as the cardo or "hinge" of the whole Church, and Leo IX, claims a high and singular position for the clergy of the Roman Church; but not till the time of Pius V. was the title fonnally restricted to its modern use, according to which it signifies the counsellors of the Pope who, next to him, hold the highest dig- nity in the church over which he rules. The present college of cardinals has arisen (1) from the deacons who from early times assisted the Bishop of Rome, and who were originally seven in num- ber; (2) from the presbyters who re- mained in the chief church, or adminis- tered tituli — i. €., subordinate churches
