of Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship." He was next engaged in translating specimens of the German romance writers, published in four volumes in 1827. In 1827 he married Miss Jane Bailie Welsh, daughter of a doctor at Hadding:ton, and a lineal descendant of John Knox. After his marriage he re- sided for a time in Edinburgh, and then withdrew to Craigenputtock, a farm in Dumfriesshire belonging to his wife. Here he wrote a number of critical and biographical articles for various periodicals, and here was written "Sartor Resartus," the most original of his works. The writing of "Sartor Resartus" seems to have been finished in 1831, but the publishers were shy of it, and it was not given to the public till 1833-1834, through the medium of "Eraser's Magazine."
The publication of "Sartor" soon made Carlyle famous, and on his removal to London early in 1834 he became a prominent member of a brilliant literary circle embracing John Stuart Mill, Leigh Hunt, John Sterling, Julius Charles and Augustus William Hare, F. D. Maurice, etc. He fixed his abode at Cheyne Row, Chelsea, where his life henceforth was mainly spent. His next work of importance was on the "French Revolution," published in 1837. About this time and in one or two subsequent years, he delivered several series of lectures, the most important of these, "On Heroes and Hero-worship," being published in 1840. "Chartism," published in 1839, and "Past and Present," in 1843, were small works bearing more or less on the affairs of the time. In 1845 appeared his "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, with Elucidations," a work of great research, and brilliantly successful in vindicating the character of the great Protector. In 1850 came out his "Latter-day Pamphlets." This work was very repulsive to many from the exaggeration of its language, and its advocacy of harsh and coercive measures. He next wrote a life of his friend, John Sterling, published in 1851, and regarded as a finished and artistic performance.
The largest and most laborious work of his life, "The History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, called Frederick the Great," next appeared, the first two volumes in 1858, the second two in 1862, and the last two in 1865, and after this time little came from his pen. In 1866, having been elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University, he delivered an installation address to the students "On the Choice of Books." While still in Scotland the sad news reached him that his wife had died suddenly in London. This was a severe blow to Carlyle. Mrs. Carlyle, besides being a woman of exceptional intellect, was a most devoted and affectionate wife. From this time his productions were mostly articles or letters on topics of the day. Toward the end of his life he was offered a government pension and a baronetcy, but declined both. He left the estate of Craigenputtock to the University of Edinburgh, settling that the income from it should form ten bursaries to be annually competed for — five for proficiency in mathematics and five for classics (including English). He had appointed James Anthony Froude his literary executor, who, in conformity with his trust, published "Reminiscences of Thomas Carlyle" (1881) ; "Thomas Carlyle: the First Forty Years of His Life" (1882); "Letters of Jane Welsh Carlyle" (1883); and "Thomas Carlyle: Life in London" (1884). Carlyle died in Chelsea, Feb. 5, 1881.
CARMAGNOLE (kär-man-yō'la), a dance accompanied by singing. Many of the wildest excesses of the French revolution of 1792 were associated with this dance. It was afterward applied to the bombastic reports of the French successes in battle. The name was also given to a sort of jacket worn as a symbol of patriotism.
CARMAN, (WILLIAM) BLISS, a Canadian poet, born in Fredericton, N. B., April 15, 1861. He was educated at the University of New Brunswick, Uni- versity of Edinburgh, and Harvard Uni- versity. His first publication, "Low Tide on Grand Prd: A Book of Lyrics" (1893), had a very favorable reception. Other volumes of his collected poems are: "Songs from Vagabondia" (1894); "Behind the Arras: A Book of the Unseen" (1895) ; "More Songs from Vagabondia" (1896) ; "Last Songs from Vagabondia" (1900); "Pipes of Pan" (1902-1905); "Daughters of Dawn" (1912); "Echoes from Vagabondia" (1912) ; "April Airs" (1916) ; etc. His poems frequently appear first in American magazines and other periodicals.
CARMARTHENSHIRE, a county of south Wales. It is on the Bristol Chan- nel and has an area of 918 square miles, about one-third of this being waste land. The chief industry is the mining of coal, copper, lead, and iron. Cattle-raising is also an important industry, and there are manufactures of woolen goods. The principal towns are Carmarthen, the county town, Llanelly, Newcastle, and Kidwelly. Fop. about 165,000.
CARMEL, a range of hills in Palestine, extending from the Plain of Esdraelon to the Mediterranean, and termi-
