CARBABA 363 CABREIIE of law and returned home to become a rancher. He became prominent in poli- tics and after having served as Judge and Senator became Governor of Coa- huila in 1911. He was in the cabinet of President Madero as Secretary of War for a short period and after the assassi- nation of the latter took up arms against Huerta. His forces were swelled by the accession of Villa, and together they forced the resignation and flight of Huerta. Carranza entered Mexico City in triumph, proclaimed himself "First Chief of the Revolution." Quarrels en- sued with Villa and an open break took place Sept. 23, 1914, when Villa declared war on Carranza. The latter's forces were victorious and Villa was driven into northern Chihuahua and eastei'n Sonora. In the meantime a Constitutional Con- gress had been called and on March 11, 1917, Carranza was elected President of Mexico. During his administration his attitude toward the United States was unfriendly and at times hostile, and sev- eral times this country was brought close to the brink of intervention. In 1920 a revolution was started against him on the suspicion that he was planning to manipulate the forthcoming presidential election in favor of Bonillas, one of the candidates. Carranza was forced to flee from the capital and was assassinated on May 22, 1920. See Mexico. CARIIAIIA, a town of Italy, in the province of Massae Carrara, on the La- vensa, about four miles from the Medi- terranean, and 60 W. N. W. of Florence. An academy of sculpture is established here and several artists have their resi- dence, attracted by the convenience of ob- taining marble almost cost-free; and the sale of rude marble and of sculptured ar- ticles forms an important branch of traf- fic. The famous Carrara marble is a white saccharine limestone, which de- rives its value from its texture and purity. The quarries have been wrought from the age of Augustus, and seem to be now as inexhaustible as ever. Fop. about 50,000. CARREL, ALEXIS, a Franco-Ameri- can surgeon; bom at Sainte-Foy les Lyons, France, June 28, 1873. He was connected with French hospitals until 1905, when he came to the United States. Since 1909 he has been a member of the Rockefeller Institution for Medical Re- search. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1912, for success in suturing blood vessels and transplantation of human or- gans. During the World War his treat- ment of wounds had extraordinary suc- cess and made him an international fig- ure. He stands in the very foremost rank in his profession. He published a large number of papers, chiefly brief re- ports of his scientific investigations.
DR. ALEXIS CARREL CARREL, NICHOLAS ARMAND, a French writer, born in Rouen, May 8, 1800. For some years he was an officer in the army, but later settled in Paris, and acquired a reputation as an essayist and contributor to the leading opposition papers. In 1830 he united with Thiers and Mignet in editing the "National," which soon rose to be the leading news- paper in opposition to the government of Charles X. After the revolution his colleagues joined the government of Louis Philippe, and he was left with the chief direction of the paper, which still continued in opposition. In 1832 the "National" became openly Republican, and enjoyed great popularity. Carrel was killed July 24, 1836, in a duel with Emile de Girardin. CARRE^O, TERESA (kar-an'yo), a Venezuelan pianist, born in Caracas, Dec. 22, 1853. She was a pupil of Gott- schalk and made her debut in Europe in 1865. She made many successful tours in Europe and in the United States. She died in 1917. CARRERE, JOHN MERVEN, an American architect; born at Rio de Ja- neiro, Brazil, Nov. 9, 1858. His parents
