CABIIHJE 364 CARRIER PKJEON were American, but he received his early education in Switzerland. He graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, in 1882, came to New York and in 1894 became a member of the firm of Carrere and Hastings. He soon achieved a repu- tation for the artistic merits of his work. His firm built the Ponce de Leon and Alcazar hotels at St. Augustine, Fla., the Edison Building, New York, and a host of other great structures in various cities of the country. At the time of his death, his firm was erecting the $8,- 000,000 Public Library Building in New York, the commission for which they had received in competition with some of the best known architects in the coun- try. He died from an accident, March 1, 1911, CARRHJE3, the site of an ancient city in northwestern Mesopotamia, the Haran of the Bible. CARRIAGE, a general name for any vehicle intended for the conveyance of passengers either on roads or railways. Carriages are structures mounted on two or more wheels, and in form, build, and accommodation they are exceedingly diverse. Carriages of one kind or other have existed from immemorial antiquity. CARRICK, a borough of Pennsylvania, in Allegheny co. It is almost entirely a residential town, but there are in the vicinity important deposits of coal. Fop. (1910) 6,117; (1920) 10,504. CARRIER, a person, corporation, or vehicle regularly employed in carrying goods, messages, or other articles. Two kinds of carriers are recognized by the law. namely, private carriers and com- mon carriers. Private carriers are per- sons who, although they do not undertake to transport the goods of all who may choose to employ them, yet agree to carry the goods of some particular person for hire, from one place to another. In such case the carrier incurs no responsibility beyond that of any other bailee for hire, that is to say, the responsibility of ordi- nary diligence. Common carriers are persons or com- panies who undertake for hire to carry goods for the general public from one place to another. A common carrier is bound to provide safe and suitable con- veyances, with proper care and manage- ment, failing in which he is not exempt from responsibility, though a providen- tial interference (snow, ice, fire, etc.) be the immediate occasion of loss. Carriers are responsible for all losses, except by providential calamity, act of an enemy in time of war, and fault of the shipper. Carriers may limit their responsibility by special contract, but they cannot free themselves from it wholly, nor escape the duty of ordinary care. If a sender mis- represent the character or value of the goods sent, the carrier is not liable if the goods be stolen. But the sender need not disclose the contents of his package un- less asked. Common carriers are respon- sible for the acts of all their agents. Carriers must deliver goods in as good order as when received. They may re- fuse to take goods not prepared properly for shipment. They may demand pre- payment of freight. If payable at the end of the route, they may hold the goods until payment is made. Baggage may be retained for unpaid fare. Bills of lading, shipment slips, receipts, etc., usually specify all the conditions on which goods are carried, but the law does not sustain all the announcements thus made. See Railways. CARRIER PIGEON, a variety of the common domestic pigeon used for the purpose of carrying messages. Several varieties are thus employed, but what is distinctly called the carrier pigeon is a large bird with long wings, large tuber- culated mass of naked skin at the base of the beak, and with a circle of naked skin round the eyes. This variety, how- ever, is rather a bird for show than use, and the variety generally employed to carry messages more resembles an ordi- nary pigeon. The practice of sending letters by pigeons belongs originally to eastern countries, though in other coun- tries it has often been adopted, more especially before the invention of the electric telegraph. These birds can be utilized in this way only by virtue of what is called their "homing" faculty or instinct, which enables them to find their way back home from surprising dis- tances. - The missive may be fastened to the wing or the tail, and must be quite small and attached so as not to inter- fere with the bird's flight. By the use of microphotography long messages may be conveyed in this way, and such were received by the besieged residents in Paris during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, the birds being conveyed out of the city in balloons. Seventy-two miles in two and a half hours, and 180 in four and a half, have been accom- plished by carrier pigeons. Large num- bers of these birds are now kept in Eng- land, Belgium, France, ete., there being numerous pigeon clubs which hold pigeon races to test the speed of the birds. These pigeons are also kept in several European countries for military pur- poses. In the United States there are numerous homing clubs, formed for breeding, training, racing, and exhibit- ing carrier pigeons.
