CRANNOG 188 CRAT^GUS him of heresy and faction. By Henry's will he was appointed one of the council of regency to Edward VI.; and as the young king was brought up chiefly under the archbishop's care, it enabled him to further the objects of the Reformation in a regular and consistent manner, by framing the liturgy, the homilies, articles of religion, etc. On the accession of Mary, he was committed to the Tower, along with Latimer and Ridley. In March, 1554, they were removed to Oxford, and confined there in common prison. Lati- mer and Ridley bore their cruel fate with courage ; but the spirit and principles of Cranmer temptorarily gave way under the severity of his sufferings. He was in- duced, in the hope of saving his life, to sign no fewer than seven recantations; but his enemies were determined on his death. On March 21, 1556, he suffered martyrdom, as his fellow-reformers had done, opposite Baliol College. His cour- age returned at the end, and he died repenting that he had changed his faith. CRANNOG, a fortified lake dwelling, of which many are to be found in Ireland. They are supposed to have been formed about the 9th or 10th century. CRANSTON, a city in Rhode Island, in Providence co. It is on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad, and the Providence river. Included within its limits are several villages. It is the site of a State reformatory for boys and girls, State prison, almshouse, insane asylum, and a workhouse. The industries include cotton mills, dairying, print goods manufacture and a wire factory. Pop. (1910) 21,107; (1920) 29,407. CRANSTON, EARL, an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Born in Athens, O., in 1840, and gradu- ated from Ohio University in 1861, he served as a cavalryman in the Union armies during the Civil War. When the war closed he entered the Ohio Confer- ence of the Methodist Church, At the General Conference of 1884 he was elected publishing agent, a position he held until his election to the episcopate in 1896. From 1898-1900 he visited the rhurches in China, Japan, and Corea. He wns placed on the retired list by the Gen- eral Conference of 1912. CRASHAW, RICHARD, an English poet; born in London in 1613. A convert to Catholicism, he wrote "Steps to the Temple" and "Sacred Poems," produc- tions of great imaginative power. In 1634 Crashaw published a volume of Latin poems, "Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber" (2d ed., 1670), in which appeared The famous line on the miracle at Cana: "Lympha pudica Deum vidit et erubuit" (The modest water saw its God and blushed.) He died in Rome or Loreto, May or June, 1649. CRASSULACEiE, house-leeks ; an order of hypogynoits exogens, alliance violales. It consists of succulent herbs or shrubs with entire or pinnatifid leaves and no stipules, flo-vers usually in sessile, often unilateral cymes. CRASSXJS, LUCIUS LICINIUS, a Roman orator, 140 B. C, who is intro- duced by Cicero, in the treatise "De Oratore," as the representative of that writer's own opinions on the subject of oratory. He was unfortunate as a legis- lator, inasmuch as the law proposed by him, to compel all who v/ere not citizens to depart from Rome, was a main cause of the Social War. He was distinguished for his love of the arts; and his mansion upon the Palatine is cited as having been one of the most noteworthy in ancient Rome. He died 91 B. c. CRASSUS, MARCUS LICINIUS, a Roman consul and triumvir; immensely rich and passionately fond of money; took part with Sulla in the civil war. As prastor, in 74 B. c, he was sent against the insurgent gladiators under Spartacus, and totally defeated them near Rhegium. The next year he was consul with Pom- pey. Pompey and Crassus were, how- ever, personal enemies, and it needed the powerful influence of Caesar to effect a formal reconciliation between them, which took place in 60 B. C, the first triumvi- rate being then formed. Consul again five years later, Crassus had Syria for his province, and made war on the Par- thians. He was defeated by them with immense slaughter, and was put to death, 53 B. c. It is said that Orodes, King of Parthia, had melted gold poured into the dead mouth, with the taunt, "Sate thyself now with that metal, of which in life thou wert so greedy." CRAT.ffiGUS, a genus of trees, order Pomaceae. Calyx segments short and acute, petals large and roundish, styles 1 to 5, fruit oval or round, concealing the upper end of the cells, which are long. It differs from the genus Pyrus in con- taining a variable number of stones, and from the medlar by having the fruit closed. The genus contains about 80 well marked specie and varieties, occurring in the tempe ■, te parts of both hemi- spheres. C. oxyacantha is the hawthorn, or may. It is a European thorn. The Oriental species have heavy leaves, large, fragrant flowers, and large, succulent, somewhat angular fruit; those of Amer- ica are often very spinous. Finally, some
